Meta-Analysis of Associations between Maternal Age, Low Hemoglobin Level during Pregnancy, Low Birth Weight, and Preterm Birth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Maternal age <19 years and anemia in pregnancy are often associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. This study aims to analyze the relationship between maternal age <19 years and anemia in pregnancy (Hb <11 g/dL) on the incidence of low birth weight babies (LBW) and premature birth.
 Subjects and Method: The research meta-analysis took cohort studies published in 2018-2022. The PICO formulation used: the population is pregnant women, the intervention consists of groups of pregnant women aged <19 years and pregnant women with anemia (Hb<11 gr/dL), comparison is the group of pregnant women aged 20-35 years and pregnant women are not anemic while Outcomes were LBW and premature birth. Search articles through databases: PubMed, springer, science direct and google scholar with the keywords “Adolescence pregnancy OR young OR Teenage AND Pregnancy AND neonatal outcome OR Low birth weight OR preterm birth OR Low weight”, “Anemia OR Maternal anemia AND Neonatal outcome OR Preterm birth". Data analysis using the Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4 application.
 Results: A total of 7 cohort articles on pregnancy aged <19 years and 5 cohort articles on anemia were analyzed. Articles come from Canada, Turkey, England, Russia, Finland, China, Chinese Taipei, Ethiopia, Zambia and Bangladesh. The sample sizes were n=43,399 (maternal age and LBW), n=55,049 (maternal age with premature birth), n=16,544,075 (anemia and premature birth). Pregnant women aged <19 years have a 1.63 risk of giving birth to LBW babies (aOR= 1.63; 95% CI= 0.96 to 2.78; p= 0.070) and 1.41 times giving birth to premature babies (aOR= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.78 to 2.56; p= 0.250). Pregnant women with anemia have a 1.60 times risk of giving birth to premature babies (aOR= 1.60; 95% CI= 1.10 to 2.32; p= 0.010).
 Conclusion: The age of pregnant women <19 years does not have a significant effect on the occurrence of LBW and premature birth. Pregnant women with anemia increase the risk of premature birth.
 Keywords: Maternal age, anemia, low birth weight, premature birth
 Correspondence: Ima Kusumawati. Master's Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email:Ima.kusumawati@student.uns.ac.id Mobile: +6285740839246
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".