Bibliographic record
Abstract
My list of 63 medically related anniversaries for 2024 (events in years ending ’24 and’74) includes: ● 23 births: Daniel Arnoldi, Canadian physician; Gaspard Laurent Bayle, French physician; Charles Bell, British anatomist, neurologist, surgeon, and artist; Johann Jakob Bernhardi, German physician and botanist; Paul Broca, French physician, anatomist, and anthropologist; Jean-Francois Coindet, French physician; Franz von Paula Gruithuisen, Bavarian physician and astronomer; Roger Charles Louis Guillemin, French-born, American neuroscientist; Anton Ludwig Ernst Horn, German physician; Andrew Jukes, British surgeon; Nikolai Korotkov, Russian surgeon; August Krogh, Danish physiologist; William Lattimore, American physician; Jonathan Letterman, American surgeon; Constantin Levaditi, Romanian physician and microbiologist; William George Maton, English physician; António Egas Moniz, Portuguese physician and neurologist; John Conrad Otto, American physician; Georges-Simon Serullas, French professor of pharmacy; Thomas Sydenham, English physician; Francisco Vallés, Spanish physician; Robert Watt, Scottish physician and bibliographer; Torsten Wiesel, Swedish neurophysiologist; ● 14 deaths: Johann Conrad Ammann, Swiss-born physician and naturalist; Anthony Askew, English physician and book collector; William Browne, English physician; Bartolomeo Eustachio, Italian anatomist; Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, German physician, botanist, and explorer; Oliver Goldsmith, Anglo-Irish writer, poet, playwright, and apothecary’s assistant; William Hewson, British surgeon, anatomist, and physiologist; Thomas Linacre, English physician; Jacques Loeb, German-born, American physiologist; William Macewen, Scottish surgeon; James Parkinson, English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist, and political activist; Johann Jakob Reiske, German philologist; Earl Wilbur Sutherland, American physiologist; Ijsbrand van Diemerbroek, Dutch physician and anatomist; ● 4 biomedical texts published, written by Ulisse Aldrovandi, John Floyer, William Hunter, and Thomas Willis; ● clinical therapies introduced by Henry Hill Hickman (anaesthesia), Franz Anton Mesmer (mesmerism), and Robert Wood Johnson with George J Seabury (surgical dressings); ● observations on chemical elements by Jöns Jacob Berzelius (silicon, thorium, and zirconium), Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (gallium), Johan Gottlieb Gahn (manganese), and Carl Wilhelm Scheele (manganese and chlorine); ● biochemical, chemical, microbiological, and physiological observations by Theodor Billroth, spouses George Frederick Dick and Gladys Henry Dick, Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Jacobus Henricus van 9t Hoff with Joseph Le Bel, and Thomas Willis; ● establishment of the first British medical school to train women doctors, The London School of Medicine for Women; ● Nobel prizes awarded to Willem Einthoven (1924) and to Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, and George E Palade (1974).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.232 | 0.268 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".