Transition Metal Dissolution from Single Crystal Li[Ni<sub>1−x−y</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Co<sub>y</sub>]O<sub>2</sub> and Li[Ni<sub>1−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>]O<sub>2</sub> Positive Electrodes Subjected to Aggresive Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transition metal dissolution from the positive electrode of Li-ion cells with subsequent deposition on the graphite negative electrode can contribute to the failure of Li-ion cells. The transition metal dissolution from various single crystal Li[Ni1−x−yMnxCoy]O2 and Li[Ni1−xMnx]O2 grades and subsequent depostion on the graphite negative electrode is quantified using scanning micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Graphite negative electrodes were extracted from Li[Ni1−x−yMnxCoy]O2/graphite (NMC/graphite) and Li[Ni1−xMnx]O2/graphite (NM/graphite) pouch cells after aggressive charge-discharge or storage protocols at 70 °C. In all cases, less than 1 μg cm−2 of transition metals were found on the graphite electrode. Most importantly, the amount of transition metals on the negative electrode was the least for Li[Ni0.6Mn0.4]O2 (NM64), a medium nickel, cobalt-free material, compared to other NMC grades like NMC532, NMC622 and NMC811. Since Li-ion cells with NMC532, NMC622 and NMC811 have demonstrated excellent cycle and calendar life, one can expect that the lifetime of single crystal NM64 cells will not to be affected significantly by transition metal deposition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".