Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Packet Routing in Tactical Mobile Sensor Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tactical wireless sensor networks (T-WSNs) are used in critical data-gathering military operations, such as battlefield surveillance, combat monitoring, and intrusion detection. These networks have unique challenges, such as jamming attacks, which are not normally encountered in traditional WSNs. Jamming attacks on the networks’ links disrupt data communication and make packet routing in T-WSNs a difficult task. Consequently, T-WSN routing aims to find the most reliable routes, while meeting the stringent delay and energy requirements. To this end, we propose a distributed multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL)-based routing solution for multi-sink tactical mobile sensor networks to overcome link layer jamming attacks. Our proposed routing scheme captures the hop count to the nearest sink, the one-hop delay, the next hop’s packet loss rate (PLR), and the energy cost of packet forwarding in the action reward estimation. Furthermore, the proposed scheme outperforms benchmark algorithms in terms of the packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet delivery time, and energy efficiency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".