Substance Use and Overdose in Pennsylvania Libraries, 2019
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study examines the implementation of naloxone distribution initiatives in Pennsylvania public libraries following a nationwide program offering free Narcan. We conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey with a random sample of Pennsylvania public libraries (n=352). Overall, nearly one-quarter of respondents reported stocking naloxone (23.9%), and over one in ten libraries reported a previous on-site overdose (11.9%). Nearly 30% of respondents had received naloxone training. Significant predictors of on-site overdoses included the library’s county urbanization status and higher county-level overdose mortality rates. Among libraries that stocked naloxone, 73% obtained the medication from local health departments or community-based organizations. This study underscores the role of public libraries in opioid overdose crisis response and the need for tailored strategies to enhance naloxone accessibility, especially in high-risk urban areas. Collaboration between libraries, public health entities, and pharmaceutical companies is crucial to amplify naloxone distribution efforts and address the escalating opioid overdose crisis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".