Influence of hydrogen ingress on residual stress and strain in pipeline steels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the effect of hydrogen ingress on the internal stress and strain of steels, using lab-source and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), and exploring both electrochemical and gaseous hydrogen ingress. The results show that compressive strains were generated after electrochemical hydrogen charging, and the residual stresses on the examined surface changed from being primarily tensile to compressive stresses . The compressive stress and strain were confirmed by a change in direction of the biaxial principal stress components, and a shift of the high-energy XRD peaks to higher 2θ values for the hydrogen-charged steels. The magnitude of the compressive stress and strain generated was dependent on the microstructure of the steel and increased with charging time or more hydrogen ingress into the steel. In-situ synchrotron XRD during gaseous charging at a pressure of 150 psi also showed a peak shift towards higher 2θ values, which slightly increased for the palladium-coated steel sample, when compared to the uncoated steel sample. • XRD was used to investigate the residual stress and strain in steels after gaseous and electrochemical charging. • After electrochemical charging, the biaxial stress state of the steels changed from tensile to compressive stresses. • Compressive strains were generated by hydrogen ingress, whether through electrochemical or gaseous charging. • The magnitude of the compressive strains produced was dependent on microstructure and increased with more hydrogen ingress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".