Editorial: Foliar, shoot, stem and rust diseases of trees IUFRO 2022
Bibliographic record
Abstract
pine wood nematode, the causal agent of pine wilt, a disease of global concern. In particular, they demonstrate that the fungal species, Beauveria spp. or their mycotoxin, beauvericin, have strong in vitro nematicidal effects. Staying with nematodes, McIntire (2023) begins to alleviate our lack of knowledge of the physiological effects of Litylenchus crenatae mccannii (the causal agent of beech leaf disease -BLD) on American beech (Fagus grandifolia). Specifically, this paper shows significant relationships between BLD symptom severity and leaf gas exchange and physiological leaf traits that lead to decrese growth, vigor, and long-term survival, all of which will likely compromise the significant ecosystem services by diseased American beech.Pathogens don't act in a vacuum, they are part of a microbial milieu, the phytobiome, which also includes non-pathogenic species, known as endophytes. Endophytes play an important role in disease defense strategies; however, how the plant's health status affects the endophytic communities is not known. Diez-Hermano et al. ( 2022) used metabarcoding to profile the fungal endophytic communities of four declining Mediterranean tree species and found indicator genera that were present only in declining trees. Declining Mediterranean trees are also discussed in Benigno et al. (2023), who report known and new harmful fungal and oomycete pathogens that are becoming more aggressive and widespread on Fraxinus species (ash) as a likely consequence of climate change, causing tree mortality, loss of natural regeneration and the retreat of some ash species from less favorable sites. This is a stark warning of things to come as climate warming shifts host-parasite interactions in favor of the infectious agent.Finally, while this research topic is all about diseases that affect above ground organs, we cannot forget that trees are unitary systems that are subject to diseases below ground as well, and those can have major effects on how serious above ground diseases can become. Diez-Hermano et al. ( 2023) investigated whether declining tree species in Mediterranean forests were associated with specific rhizosphere fungal communities. They found high overall diversity (674 genera) of fungal species but no evidence of known root pathogens in the declining areas. Paired with the study by Benigno et al. (2023), this suggests that, even though the two studies were conducted in different countries, Mediterranean forest decline may be due to a combination of environmental factors and pathogens acting above, rather than below, ground.Taken together, these papers contribute to many aspects of aboveground tree pathology while advancing our understanding of very critical groups of tree diseases, a body of knowledge that we will need to keep refining as we attempt to deal with an unpredictable world in this age of climate and global changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.017 | 0.017 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".