Que peuvent les métropoles canadiennes face à leurs concurrentes états-uniennes ?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Joe Biden’s visit to Canada in March 2023 shows the extent to which economic deglobalization and great-power rivalries (with China and Russia) influence US foreign policy toward its allies. This article combines David Mayhew’s rational choice theory and John Mearsheimer’s neorealism to highlight the two main trends shaping Canada-US relations under Joe Biden and Justin Trudeau. On one hand, the US’s interest in economic deglobalization prompts Biden to adopt a protectionist stance toward Canada, aiming to secure crucial support for his re-election in 2024. On the other hand, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the rise of China sometimes pushed Biden to break with this same protectionism and to strengthen ties with Canada, to better compete with rival great powers. The article’s conclusion sheds light on how the 2024 US presidential election will likely affect both trends.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".