Experimental Testing of Tall Slender Masonry Walls with Different Rotational Base Stiffnesses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Loadbearing, concrete masonry walls are an effective structural system to resist combined out-of-plane and gravity loads. A large portion of the market for these walls is composed of single-story warehouse and industry buildings, and public-use structures such as theaters, community centers, and school gymnasiums. In these applications, it is common to have tall walls with an effective height-to-thickness ratio greater than 30. North American masonry design standards (CSA S304-14 and TMS 402-16) have special design requirements for these types of masonry walls due to their perceived vulnerability to second-order effects. In particular, one of the CSA S304-14 requirements consists of assuming a pinned base condition to calculate design moments and deflections, which severely impacts the available strength and stiffness of tall masonry walls. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of the rotational base stiffness on the out-of-plane response of slender masonry walls subjected to cyclic loading, in terms of strength, stiffness, base damage, and failure modes. Two full-scale, partially grouted slender masonry walls were tested under combined eccentric axial load and cyclic lateral out-of-plane pressure. The tests showed increased flexural capacity and decreased deflections in the out-of-plane direction when rotational stiffness at the base is accounted for, with limited degradation at the wall base observed during cyclic loading. Results suggest that accounting for the presence of the base stiffness provides additional strength to the wall that may lead to more economical masonry wall designs while maintaining satisfactory strength and reliable structural performance.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".