Virtual Care and Social Support for Refugee Mothers during COVID-19: A Qualitative Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The intersection of gender, motherhood, and migration status creates distinct challenges for refugee mothers, but social support can facilitate their navigation of migration and motherhood. Taking a Salutogenic Theory approach (Antonovsky, 1979), we examined refugee mothers’ access to virtual social support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our objective is to understand the provision of virtual social support for refugee mothers from the perspective of service providers and recently arrived refugee mothers to Canada. Methods: Virtual semi-structured interviews were conducted with three service providers and five refugee mothers in one settlement agency in Ontario, Canada. Data were subjected to thematic analysis. Six main themes emerged. Results: From interviews with service providers the themes include: virtual adaptation of services; unique barriers to virtual services emerging from the intersection of gender, culture, and migration status; and supporting women’s agency and independence. From interviews with mothers, we identified the following themes: gratitude for instrumental support; organization as a link between self and society; and usefulness of virtual support, but preference for in-person support. Discussion: Providers acknowledged clients’ diverse circumstances. They developed flexible strategies to identify client needs and help them build skills. Clients found virtual services essential to resettlement, if not ideal. Conclusion: With tailored programming, virtual services can be effective in providing support. Moreover, refugee mothers acquired digital skills to independently navigate virtual resources, despite limited digital literacy. This demonstrates the value of using of virtual services for vulnerable or hard to reach populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Qualitative | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Qualitative | high |
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".