Reforming Children’s Health Care in the Soviet Union after the World War II
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article presents the results of historical and medical research reflecting the issues of reforming children’s health care after the World War II. The aim of the study is to present the problems of reforming children’s health care in the USSR in the post-war decade (1946–1956). The study relevance is defined by necessity to examine the historical experience of reforming children’s health care during the most difficult for our country post-war period so we can learn crucial lessons from the past and use them further for the successful implementation of the federal project “Development of children’s health care, including the creation of modern infrastructure for medical care provision for children”. Published and unpublished documents of the USSR Ministry of Health and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, as well as publications from medical journals, scientific collections, monographs were studied to cover this issue. The analysis of this study has shown that the most significant part in the state health reform started in the first post-war years was the merger of hospitals and clinics for adults, maternity hospitals with women’s consultations, children’s hospitals with children’s consultations and outpatients’ clinics. The post-war reform has contributed to the improvement of the quality of inpatient and outpatient medical care, to the increasing role of the hospital as the organizing and leading center of all united facilities. The integration of children’s hospitals with consultations and outpatients’ clinic, as well as the organization of the primary pediatric care according to the system of medical and preventive care provision for children aged from birth to 16 years by single pediatrician, have shown succession in the work of primary care doctors and hospitals. The increase in the health workers qualifications, the development of specialized types of medical care, the improvement in the quality of medical and preventive care were observed. The reform of children’s health care contributed to the diseases’ timely diagnosis and early patients’ hospitalization, strengthening the connection of the primary care doctor and nurse with the child’s family, and decreasing of child morbidity and mortality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".