Evidence of <sup>13</sup> C‐lactate oxidation in the human brain from hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup> C‐MRI
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Purpose To test the hypothesis that lactate oxidation contributes to the C‐bicarbonate signal observed in the awake human brain using hyperpolarized C MRI. Methods Healthy human volunteers ( N = 6) were scanned twice using hyperpolarized C‐MRI, with increased radiofrequency saturation of C‐lactate on one set of scans. C‐lactate, C‐bicarbonate, and C‐pyruvate signals for 132 brain regions across each set of scans were compared using a clustered Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Results Increased C‐lactate radiofrequency saturation resulted in a significantly lower C‐bicarbonate signal ( p = 0.04). These changes were observed across the majority of brain regions. Conclusion Radiofrequency saturation of C‐lactate leads to a decrease in C‐bicarbonate signal, demonstrating that the C‐lactate generated from the injected C‐pyruvate is being converted back to C‐pyruvate and oxidized throughout the human brain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".