Comparative Bio-accumulation Potential of Chromium and Cadmium and Their Toxic Effects on Morphology of Earthworm’s Species, Pheretima posthuma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
İn this study research was conducted to investigate the accumulative ability and devastating effect of Chromium sulfate (CrSO4) and Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on the growth of earthworm (EW), Pheretima posthuma. An experimental trial conducted in the Labortory of the Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. After acclimatization, earthworms reared in jars were divided into five groups with three replicates, Group A controlled, Group B was given 200mg/kg CrSO4, Group C was given 300 mg/kg CrSO4, Group D was given 200mg/kg CdCl2, Group E was given for 300mg/kg CdCl2 treated-soil, respectively. The flame spectrophotometer was used for the quantification of absorption of heavy metals. After 30 days post-exposure, the highest Cr accumulation (8.88±0.07 mg/kg ) was detected in group C while highest accumulation of Cd (7.81±0.09 mg/ kg) was detected in group E. Furthermore, it was noted that these significant accumulations resulted in weight and length reduction. The highest weight reduction (-1.23±0.02g) was observed in group C while the lowest weight reduction (-1.15±0.01g) was observed in group E. Similarly, the highest length reduction (-1.82±0.03cm) was observed in group C while lower length reduction (-1.745±0.24cm) was noted in group E. It was evident that Cr has a more deleterious effect on earthworm growth than Cd. The control showed weight gain (0.26±0.05g) and length gain (1.98±0.27cm). The result of the study were statistically significant (P<0.05). Taken together, it was concluded that earthworm has great potential for bio-accumulation of available heavy metals (Cd and Cr) in the soil and Cr has a higher potential for bio-accumulation than Cd. Although earthworm has a great tendency to survive in a heavy metal environment, their body mass is reduced due to heavy metal toxicity. This study aims to understand the storage of heavy metals in earthworms and to investigate their bioaccumulation ability. This study aims to how heavy metals are stored in earthworms and investigate their capacity for bioaccumulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".