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A case control study on serum lipid parameters in Drug-naive Major Depressive Disorder Patients in comparison to normal subjects BACKGROUND: There is evidence to suggest dysfunction in many biological functions in major depressive disorder (MDD). There is a possible link between variation of different lipid parameters and depression. AIM: The aim was to compare variation of different lipid parameters in Drug-naive major depressive disorder patients in comparison to normal subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case control study was conducted on outpatients in Department of Psychiatry, GMC Srinagar. A total of 100 subjects which included 50 Drug-naive major depressive disorder patients and 50 normal controls, were included in this study. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16. Continuous variables and categorical variables were summarized, respectively, as mean and standard deviation and frequency and percentage. RESULTS: There was a significant variation in mean serum total cholesterol (TC) and mean serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) between the two groups with significantly low levels for both these lipid parameters in study group in comparison to the control group. There was a negative correlation between severity of depression and serum TC (r = −0.710; P = 0.0001), mean serum LDL-C (r = −0.608; P = 0.0001), and triglycerides (TGs) (r = −0.289; P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Drug-naive MDD Individuals had significantly low serum TC and LDL-C in comparison to control subjects. A significantly negative correlation was there between the severity of depression and TC, LDL-C, and TG. Knowledge of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Attitudes toward it among Medical Interns and the General Public Background: Negative view and unfavourable attitude about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is common not only in the general public, but also in medical professionals. Aim: We aimed to check knowledge of ECT and attitude toward it among medical interns posted in department of psychiatry on first day of posting and in the general public. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, ECT knowledge and attitude questionnaire was used to assess the desired knowledge and attitude in medical interns and general public. A total of 36 participants from each group were included in the study. Results: The primary source of information were books among the medical interns (in 75%) and media in general public (in 88.9%). Participants from both groups had more knowledge about the consent, procedure and side effects part of the questionnaire. Medical interns were significantly more knowledgeable than the general public with mean score of 16.58 ± 4.78 and 9.94 ± 4.82 respectively (t=3.74; P= 0.001). Similarly, the mean score on attitude questionnaire was significantly high for medical interns with mean score of 9.94 ± 4.82 and 0.83 ± 8.56, respectively (t=5.56; P=0.0001). There was a significant positive corelation between total score on knowledge questionnaire and total score on attitude questionnaire (rs=0.542, P < 0.001 and rs=0.446, P < 0.006) respectively, for medical interns and general public. Conclusion: Although medical interns had more knowledge and positive attitude toward ECT than general public, lacunae still exists in them. Our findings suggest that by improving knowledge about ECT, attitude becomes more favourable.Rare case report and brief review of literature: Marchiafava-Bignami disease. Background: Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) is a rare condition marked by demyelination and necrosis of corpus callosum mostly due to chronic use of alcohol and malnourishment. Case presentation: In this study, we report a case of 54 years old male presenting to psychiatry OPD with chief complaints of aggressive behaviour and fluctuating orientation since one day. Patient had history of alcohol consumption since 30 years with increased quantity since 5 years. On examination, patient had deranged liver function test, low vitamin b12 with presence of upper motor lesion and impaired mental status examination. Patient scored low on Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test and Mini mental status examination (MMSE) indication mild cognitive impairment. MR findings showed low signal in central area of corpus callosum with sparing of dorsal and ventral layers showing “ sandwich sign”. On the basis of clinical, laboratory and motor assessment, diagnosis of Marchiafava-Bignami disease was made. Patient was treated aggressively with thymine and multivitamins along with anti-craving agents. Complete resolution of psychomotor activities in 3 weeks and resolution of lesions in the period of 12 weeks was seen. Conclusion: MBD is a complication of chronic alcoholism with various clinical manifestations which is often misdiagnosed and mistreated. But recent advance in neuroimaging has made early diagnosis of MBD possible & helps in early initiation of treatment. Recognition of the imaging features of MBD is essential for proper diagnosis. Keywords: Marchiafava-Bignami disease, corpus callosum, sandwich sign. Remote technologies for mental health evaluation and treatment have been used for over 50 years in the United States (US). Initial barriers to widespread tele-mental health included cost, reimbursement, regulatory, privacy, and licensure issues; lack of infrastructure; technological limitations and illiteracy; and resistance to change. With technological advancements, increased adoption of videoconferencing occurred within the US in areas with limited in-person access (e.g., rural areas, corrections) and at large institutions/academic centers at the turn of the century. Although earlier studies indicated high levels of patient satisfaction and reliability, hesitation and concerns voiced by clinicians limited the usage of videoconferencing as a mainstream modality. In March 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak led to an accelerated adoption of videoconferencing for mental healthcare, due to strict social distancing policies enforced by the US government. The entire mental healthcare system adapted to offer psychiatric services through video platforms. Now, three years post-COVID, many of these changes have persisted and there is a gradual shift towards hybrid platforms of mental healthcare delivery, with many providers offering “virtual-only” care. Patient surveys have indicated high levels of satisfaction with care delivered through telepsychiatry and this modality has been found to increase effciency at a lower cost. In this paper, I present a review of the research on use of telepsychiatry in the United States, describe the current trends in adoption of telepsychiatry and discuss why the of mental healthcare in the of of of a cross-sectional study from Background: significant social as as in to a of in of not only the but also which as Aim: study the of of patients with and with of and clinical of the of 100 patients of OPD in of a care general were by and using a was by using Results: of the to have mild by was found between and of the was also found to significantly with of clinical and of presence of and history of Conclusion: Our study found that of more the patient is since has is a treatment and also the is findings of research in this in psychiatric the of medical healthcare the use of for a brief period of The is used to the is often to due to alcohol of for use use to in mental and use in medical as high and impaired among many of to and over In used to used to only used for and for psychiatric as indicated for medical as In it is essential to use and and not for in patients for of use of these for medical but use to The and often a is still present in due to of and that is not rare but and through a of 5 with Although treatment is an early diagnosis the of with and examination, to The three of clinical with with of levels and of 5 patients were male with ± years of and the in diagnosis was ± years. The common was and Patient had showed changes for patient The for patient The in was in evaluation with is a in with features and to to A study of dysfunction and in Background: dysfunction is psychiatric patients than general The dysfunction among is dysfunction by 30 of The among dysfunction and the and high of the these patients not the due to that not view it as a This was a study which was in the OPD of with of Medical and A total of 100 patients by The was using A was used for The in was used to assess dysfunction and was used for assessment of Data were and using and SPSS for the Results: The study was conducted on a total of 100 patients presenting to The of dysfunction was found to which was among than Participants with dysfunction were found to on analysis also that significant of dysfunction was found with with a significant was found between dysfunction and low with of dysfunction is an of in psychiatric patients and has mental to on a basis for dysfunction in these of dysfunction to increased and AND BACKGROUND: research has as a an to effects on the system and in this system present in depression. The evidence a of in major depressive in depression and in depression with AIM: correlation between and of patients with major depressive disorder using OPD and department of the care with to were for therapy and the of was by Depressive and The was using was found between the changes in and the between and of and of in medical “ Department of Psychiatry, Medical & & Department of Psychiatry, Medical Department of Psychiatry, Medical & medical and General of and of in medical is to a which in this is the of and to the with not a and study the of in medical study with among medical study the of with among medical Materials and is a study in and in medical were by of and with We found participants were of were mild and were is significant between with and also between and satisfaction with Conclusion: participants with more to low and satisfaction with A study of and between clinical and Department of Psychiatry, Medical Department of Psychiatry, Medical Department of Psychiatry, Medical is a and that from an period of in to care of increased medical and to the of to from and the to to health assess the and and to compare the and between clinical and is a study in medical between and years of clinical and in the study. were the of the and The mean of and and total score was between clinical and the clinical the mean of and and the clinical the mean of and and The mean of and significant the mean of not The mean of in clinical and clinical and respectively which not There is a positive correlation between and There is a negative correlation between and Our study showed that there was a of and in clinical to there is significant in of there is significant in between the two studies to the for and mental health among clinical as as the effects of treatment. of care of Psychiatry, Background: treatment of patients with medical treatment and of social is the of current in Patients with psychiatric many in of which not at to psychiatric and Medical not with This to negative not only on patients but also on and a social This with to and also of in Results: of current treatment modality in psychiatry is to as on studies have that and medical with each with treatment Medical treatment biological increase and Conclusion: to and patients of the and along with day first of medical treatment in mental medical of Medical of Psychiatry, Therapy in therapy has as a and in the of offering a for to and This the of therapy as a treatment modality within psychiatric care. from a review of and clinical we the and clinical of therapy in various mental health The the of therapy and the of in and We also the basis of on the and of with the an of clinical therapy psychiatric a of and case studies and evidence to the of therapy in and In this the of therapy as a to psychiatric treatment the of a in mental healthcare and for the of therapy as an and for and mental health to a the of therapy in becomes for and of psychiatry of in Disorder Patients and A Department of Psychiatry, Medical of of and Background: disorder is a and chronic disorder by in and that of the Patients with disorder often have not in an Aim: The of study was to the in patients with in and compare it to the control was a study on disorder patients in the group of years of both and the study participants had a The was used to assess over the in both the Data was using SPSS between the groups were using by Results: The total score was for patients as to and were the in the There was a significant between the two groups in of as as in total Conclusion: Our study found that patients with disorder have as to controls, in the of the of were and were the and & Department of Psychiatry, Medical of of and Department of Psychiatry, Medical of & Department of Psychiatry, Medical of BACKGROUND: The presence of social media in the of and on mental health among this has negative there is a of studies in the this study is aimed at the of and along with to severity of social media use and the between and psychiatric in In this study, in various were through A study for of and about of social media use was of social media use was using the media disorder and were to assess for and was to assess the used by the Data was and using RESULTS: of depression was found to in the study and in with social media and that of was in the study and among with social media The study indicated a of and in social media disorder to normal and a significant was between and psychiatric of a brief group for and is the to the of disease due to alcohol In at as as is a This study was conducted to assess the of a brief delivered at in a group for the participants with Materials and was a and study a control group. an participants were using the positive for alcohol use were in a group at which of two of one the were using a questionnaire and was The analysis was using the from Results: participants alcohol and had both the quantity and frequency of significant in parameters in one and of of use in participants the to Conclusion: The study showed that brief for in a group a and of Therapy in with Therapy for with & & Department of Psychiatry, Medical & Background: The of at the of outbreak of is still the was one many is by and in the and and as for the have been for the treatment. Aim: The aim of the present study was to the of therapy with therapy for with between the of years were for the study. were by clinical patients of were 3 group and group. and clinical were of was using of was used to assess of and was through 12 were for the was Results: The showed that with therapy the severity of The also the of of among the Conclusion: is to that of and is an for improving Keywords: A study of of and in and in is a chronic disease to and and have significant effects on mental health of these in and also a in depression. study the of depression and in the patients of and correlation with disease of study in and in the patients of study the between and in the patients of 100 patients with the in the department of at a care in were and depression were The of and depression in this study was and There was a significant between disease and of and depression. Negative had positive correlation with and depression. of the patients had as to high of psychiatric in patients there of medical and psychiatric care for A Department of Psychiatry, General the use of one of the as activities of is to an of of the studies showed an between and depression. study has been conducted using both side and and compare the of side on of and test in patients with and normal patients with first of the patients and normal were on the and and test using of Results: Patients and on and test, and on in comparison to the normal The in the of by the three groups on the test is Conclusion: as a of depression and used to the of for A study of function in psychiatric patients with history of suggest to of from of psychiatric the of to and treatment for these This the first study on function as dysfunction has been with and as a of assess the in psychiatric patients with history of A study with psychiatric patients with a history of and 50 controls, was by subjects of diagnosis and disease to that of but history of The subjects were using Case performed significantly than that of control group in with significant in of and and and with significant in of and Our study that psychiatric patients with a history of have significant dysfunction which the of these for evaluation for assessment of a in with at care case that of years as an by the of a assessment on the basis of evaluation of mental to the of and the which it was is with many as there is for assessment of a in with suggest a evaluation for assessment of a at care A assessment of is to conducted through in the department of and of to by the psychiatric and evaluation to which with clinical history and assessment of cognitive and with and an evaluation for assessment of is made. This is to in the assessment of and an in this on study is an in and with Background: Major depressive disorder is a psychiatric condition with different and to is an for the of MDD in that this as both MDD and have been to increased levels of In the present study, we aimed to the effects of MDD and on Aim: study the between in and The study included 100 MDD patients were depressive severity were by the was by using a the clinical assessment, participants were The and with A was from participants to levels were between the groups for and chronic Results: We the levels in MDD patients with a history of Our study that MDD patients with showed significantly levels to MDD patients Conclusion: findings suggest that the and it to a depression. MDD patients with not for from A study on and severity of and in patient care Background: is one of the of and in and and of to in of The presence of and depression in patients is with increased and to of and studies have made a of frequency and severity of and among various severity of In this study to describe the and severity of and of in various severity groups of Aim: assess the and severity of and of in Method: 50 patients department in were groups on for The patients were with and depression and is to assess depression and of and found to a significant psychiatric of Conclusion: and in of patients with increased and and to for treatment A is a common the of a and by have been to an in and of The and the procedure of to the of of and common among patients have from to of there has been research on the of variables in the effects in with study on patients and with in used Results: Our showed that patients with have significantly of psychiatric Major depressive and Our study that patients with significantly of psychiatric to Major depressive and disorder were and a is essential for proper and care of these in a with A Case is a mental disorder by a of positive negative cognitive and is an with used in the treatment of is a rare side in group Case A old with complaints of and to impaired care and since the 5 years. was to the psychiatry Patient had a history of treatment with and had with it the patient was on which was to On day of was from the the on the was and was which the was was and the Patient was on and showed in as a side has This case that the on the for this side with function of the patients on and treatment in patients on treatment at an treatment in the major of and health with more and more in it from rural The of this study was to assess the of and clinical in patients with use This was a cross-sectional study conducted patients with use disorder between years of as the of the for treatment. A was used to and clinical Results: A total of patients were included in this study. The mean of patients was years of the patients were from from rural to upper lower status of use was with an used in of of the patients were using mean of used with on therapy common use of was Conclusion: male from rural areas is in use use has increased significantly through A case of and of and disorder is a condition patients present with of and with a of in the and for is a of by of towards and towards the treatment to and in patients presenting with 5 patients from department and presenting with Case and of & along with and treatment of on of 5 were male of with mean of years to total of is patients with features of and two had with of patients two with for two was in as as of of with was in the showing of in studies to and of therapy in with A Case Background: is rare but with the use of an of to in patients is by and and to of the to the patients on for side effects In this case we three of on with The clinical and treatment of the have been Results: In case we three patients to years two and one male with of which one patient was on and two patients on & of these patients with of high and was to within an of one of were and were treated with of and The within an of Conclusion: is to and with for the and of of A disorder is a system of by two more in groups with a The function and of with to and is a Case report of of has disorder with of of disorder is and This case a disorder in a medical disorder a is a and psychiatric is by the of from one is from a disorder to the is misdiagnosed and for The treatment for of the and with mental P of Medical of mental P Background: as disorder have limited in of as a condition with various mental In many an disorder both and of mental in the Aim: discuss of disorder on Case A of two from low status by with history of of recent in the of by a There was history for more than two in the of of and with significant not to from examination was In the and deranged high on and with on to the negative and to in more Conclusion: of Disorder the to in the of significant A high of and history with in the and helps in on a case study and in & of Medical of on a case study and in Background: is a clinical condition with a that is not is an in the of the and the In the of this various have been in Aim: discuss in the of different the in the and to a case of which showed Case A male with complaints of analysis of in of about had history of major psychiatric high score on and with Initial improving but of that was in as were not of had and was in score was was to the for which over the Conclusion: In the of various have been in with of the that has in recent clinical studies is the of with the In we with a of with along with and and among healthcare in an care is to healthcare more than the it is the of with the patients which to mental This for to which in turn a increased more and patient care. studies from have to the of and but have not the for them. study and among in This a study, the and and in the of Medical and by using by using the psychiatric for the positive correlation between and has been with a of The of among care providers is significantly with both satisfaction and there a to and of use on of A study of of Medical of Medical Background: use of has been to and cognitive is also with various health as and Aim: study the between use and in years of We present from was using the We and The at which using and the of use day were Results: The mean of was and the of use was The for use was The of with was significantly in with of use Similarly, and were significantly in these There was a negative correlation between total of use (in and and Conclusion: This study that of use significantly with and in of the use of and cognitive of is as use is to mental between use and in A study of of Medical of Medical Background: to from and use with health as and in is also with in Aim: study the between use and parameters in years of We present from a of We the of in the and the of the We the of these using the and by Results: The mean of was The use by was The of initiation of use was The was The of with was significantly in with use Similarly, were significantly in this group motor motor and were also the was not Conclusion: to and parameters is for cognitive and AND Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, BACKGROUND: and depression the common psychiatric among patients with of depression and the treatment due to to treatment A study was conducted on patients of presenting to psychiatry department and The participants were and about the of consent, was used to of and were by the The were by 30 patients care. The mean was years. The of the patients = were than 50 years. = the = A = of the patients had a depressive disorder as primary psychiatric In comparison to = depression = was more a of patients = had depression and patients = had depression. patients the for both depressive and and to to treatment and in the severity of increase healthcare and to a lower of of disorder and with & in medical and mental health that significantly health and with which often by and along with

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