Current-Mode Light-to-Digital Read-out IC for Wearable PPG Signal Monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a high dynamic range and reconfigurable all current-mode light-to-digital converter (LDC) circuit for reading PPG signal. The proposed LDC consists of an analog current-mode signal processing (ACMSP) block and a current-mode analog to digital converter (ADC). The ACMSP block modifies the output current signal from a photodiode (PD) in a way such that a proper input current range is achieved for the current mode ADC without requiring the high resolution ADC or increasing LED intensity. During modification the ACMSP block removes most part of the DC value of the signal and amplifies the AC part of the signal. The value of the removed DC part and the amplification factor are reconfigurable. The current-mode SAR ADC converts the ACMSP output to a digital signal. The proposed read-out circuit is implemented by 65nm CMOS process and characterized by the post-layout simulations. The power consumption of the readout IC is 1.93 µW and the total area usage is 0.102mm2. With low power and low area, the readout IC can be useful for PPG sensing wearables.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".