Ranaviruses in North America: A Brief Review in Wild Herpetofauna
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ranaviruses are globally emerging pathogens of poikilothermic vertebrates. They affect over 40 species of amphibians in the USA and at least nine species in Canada. Additionally, ranaviruses have been found in at least eight species of reptiles in the USA and two species in Canada. Several of the species that are known to be affected are listed by state or federal agencies as they are of conservation concern (e.g., Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis and Terrapene carolina carolina). In this brief review, we discuss the diversity and distribution, the species affected, the clinical signs of ranavirus disease (ranavirosis) that one would see in the field, morbidity and mortality events and their likely triggers, and conservation implications from the emergence of ranaviruses in populations of North American herpetofauna. We also would like to stress that ranaviruses are reportable infections in amphibians (according to the OIE, World Health Organization for Animals) and if an infection is suspected, the incident should be reported the proper authorities. Additionally, biosecurity measures should be taken to avoid the spread of ranaviruses between individuals and between field sites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".