The Security Requirement to Prevent Zero Dynamics Attacks and Perfectly Undetectable Cyber-Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The impacts of zero dynamics attacks and perfectly undetectable cyber-attacks cannot be observed in outputs of cyber-physical systems (CPS). Adversaries are capable of executing these cyber-attacks and leading the CPS to undesirable trajectories while remaining undetected. In this paper, we introduce and formally define the notion of security effort (SE) as a novel security metric for CPS that determines the minimum number of actuators and sensors that should be secured and kept attack free in order to prevent adversaries from executing zero dynamics attacks, covert attacks, and controllable attacks. Moreover, since zero dynamics attacks, covert attacks, and controllable attacks belong to weakly unobservable and controllable weakly unobservable subspaces of the CPS, conditions under which these subspaces become zero are obtained and investigated. An illustrative numerical simulation is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed security measure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".