A One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Predictions of the Oil-CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure in Unconventional Reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Miscible carbon dioxide (CO2) injection has proven to be an effective method of recovering oil from unconventional reservoirs. An accurate and efficient procedure to calculate the oil-CO2 minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is a crucial subroutine in the successful design of a miscible CO2 injection. However, current numerical methods for the unconventional MMP prediction are very demanding in terms of time and computational costs which result in long runtime with a reservoir simulator. This work proposes to employ a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) to accelerate the unconventional MMP determination process. Over 1,200 unconventional MMP data points are generated using the multiple-mixing-cell (MMC) method coupled with capillarity and confinement effects for training purposes. The data set is first standardized and then processed with principal component analysis (PCA) to avoid overfitting. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated with testing data. By applying the trained model, the unconventional MMP results are almost instantly produced and a coefficient of determination of 0.9862 is achieved with the testing data. Notably, 98.58% of predicting data points lie within 5% absolute relative error. This work demonstrates that the prediction of unconventional MMP can be significantly accelerated, compared with the numerical simulations, by the proposed well-trained deep learning model with a slight impact on the accuracy.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".