Utilisation of local raw materials and mine waste to manufacture cement in the Northwest Territories, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Currently, all the cement consumed in the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada, is imported from other provinces (e.g. Alberta) by long-distance (∼1800 km) freight truck. Transporting cement over long distances not only raises its cost, but also results in a higher carbon footprint. Producing cement locally is therefore a potential low carbon and economic solution for the local industry. However, it is unknown if the local raw materials are suitable for cement manufacture, and there is a lack of a critical raw material – iron ore – for cement manufacturing. However, instead of iron ore, there are iron-rich tailings from a local rare earth element (REE) mine. Towards a low carbon and circular economy, the use of local raw materials (i.e. limestone, clay and gypsum) and mine waste (REE tailings) to manufacture cement in the NWT was explored and the first bag of cement in the history of the NWT was produced. Concrete samples made with the NWT cement achieved strength comparable to that of concrete based on commercial ordinary Portland cement. In addition, it was estimated that locally producing cement in the NWT has the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 3.0–61.7% as compared with importing cement from other provinces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".