Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter explains that the geographical area that Converging Empires refers to as the “north Pacific borderlands” is defined by the northernmost stretches of the US-Canada border that divide British Columbia and the Yukon from Alaska, as well as US and Canadian national land and ocean boundaries along the Alaska and B.C. coasts, situating this borderlands region within the broader context of the North Pacific Rim and particularly Japan. A complex Indigenous borderlands region long before the arrival of European imperial powers, this was the area where British, US, and Japanese interests converged in the early decades of the 20th century. Largely regarded as peripheral by the imperial powers and nation states that incorporated parts of the region within their borders, it has not been given the same attention by border and borderlands historians as the US-Mexico border or the 49th parallel. Converging Empires addresses this gap in the literature, noting the key role that the north Pacific borderlands played in the construction of race and citizenship in both Canada and the United States and tracing both Indigenous and Japanese migrant negotiations of the borders that came to cut across it on a variety of scales.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.357 | 0.198 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".