Viscosity-modulated clustering of heated bidispersed particles in a turbulent gas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clustering of externally and evenly heated particles is enhanced by the increased viscosity of heated fluid in the vicinity of these clusters – a phenomenon known as viscous capturing (VC). Herein we study, via direct numerical simulations of decaying turbulence, the effect of temperature-driven viscosity on clustering with different particle loading densities. We employ a two-way momentum and energy coupling, and gas viscosity is modelled by a power law to understand the role of the increased drag and particle back-reaction force on the clustering intensity. For the continuum and dispersed phases, Eulerian and Lagrangian point particle schemes have been used, neglecting inter-particle collisions. We found that the enhanced viscosity-driven clustering is a strong function of particle loading density, as the increase in particle number density enables the formation of large uneven clusters before heating, which is the main condition for VC to take effect. Higher number density should result in greater turbulence modulation and negate local temperature-based viscous effects leading to VC. However, due to higher local particle number density in the clusters and interphase heat transfer, increased drag force prevails in such cases and delivers excessive clustering. By sampling conditionally the particle velocity and temperature inside the clusters, it is found that the thermodynamic and kinematic properties of the particles in the clusters are highly correlated, and this correlation increases with the particle loading density. Therefore, based on the particle number density, temperature-based viscosity can enhance considerably the clustering of heated particles and alter the effect of particles on the underlying turbulence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".