Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Infrastructure development increases private investment in African infrastructure. • Infrastructure development increases the use of BOO ownership and commercial debt. • Infrastructure development decreases use of equity financing in the capital structure. • Projects in higher income countries use a smaller proportion of equity financing. • These relations show a substitution effect of equity for debt in riskier environments. We explore current development and constraints on infrastructure financing in Africa. We examine how infrastructure development in African countries affects ownership and capital structure choices of private and public–private partnership infrastructure projects. Using data from 33 African countries over 17 years, our findings suggest that infrastructure projects in African countries with better infrastructure development tend to have more private investment, more long-term investment, and they tend to use more debt financing, including more commercial debt, and less equity in their capital structure. For the least developed African countries, where debt financing is scarce, equity investment is vital for infrastructure financing.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it