Characterisation Stress Tests of Low Gain Avalanche Diodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Devices with internal gain, such as Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) demonstrate O(30) ps timing resolution and they play a crucial role in High Energy Physics (HEP) experiment, among other applications. Similarly, resistive silicon devices, such as AC-coupled Low Gain Avalanche Diodes sensors achieve a fine spatial resolution while maintaining the LGADs timing resolution. Devices of both types, with varying gain-layer width and doping characteristics, are produced at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In view of their application to space-based HEP experiments, they are stress-tested against various operating conditions. The performance of these devices is compared with that produced by Hamamatsu. We study how different gain layer widths impact the expected performance of these devices. The challenging operating conditions in outer space impose challenging constraints on the operation performance, against temperature fluctuations, for example. Therefore, devices with different depletion layers and implantation characteristics are stress tested to understand their performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".