Strain-hardening effect on the flexural behavior of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete beams with steel rebars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of volume fraction, aspect ratio, and shape of steel fibers on the mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) and the structural behavior of reinforced (R-) UHPFRC beams. The tensile strength and energy absorption capacity of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) are improved by adding steel fibers and increasing its volume contents by up to 3.0 %. Compared with short straight steel fiber, medium-length straight and twisted fibers at a volume fraction of 2.0 % result in twice higher energy absorption capacity and higher flexural strength of R–UHPFRC beams. The flexural strength of R–UHPC beams increases by increasing the fiber content up to 3.0 %. However, the strain-hardening characteristics of UHPFRC negatively influence the cracking behavior and stress redistribution in structural beams, causing 48.2–54.1 % lower ultimate ductility indices. The small amounts of steel fibers with volume fraction of ≤1.0 % that exhibit strain-softening behavior only improve the peak ductility.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".