A free space optical link model for C-band data and power transmission
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The emerging technology of power-by-light enables power and data delivery over a single Free Space Optical (FSO) link for electrically isolated, interference-free remote operation. Telecom wavelength bands (λ ≈ 1550 nm) are well known for applications in data communication over optical fiber and overlap atmospheric transparency windows, extending the reach of FSO power and data systems through the air. This creates the opportunity to directionally deliver significant power (above 1mW) and high speed data wirelessly over long distances. FSO channels can experience turbulence and weather conditions that affect data and power transmission. Hence, they should be modeled and verified against measurements under varied atmospheric conditions. This will help improve model precision and robustness in predicting FSO channel performance. Accurate modeling of data transmission in FSO channels is urgently required to support the design of wireless optical communication systems for remote areas to which fiber deployment is difficult or uneconomic and instead long-range data communications between ground stations and High-Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS) may be employed. We have modelled an FSO channel transmitting data and power at 1550 and 1520 nm respectively under various meteorological conditions. The system model was developed in the commercially available OptiSystem software for modeling signals transmission. Different weather conditions translate directly to different FSO channel signal attenuations, impacting both data and power transmission. We also explore the impact of different modulation schemes such as Quadratic Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), and Quadratic Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) on the bit error rate of the transmitted data thereby achieving the optimal required hardware design parameters. We found that QPSK is predicted to have the longest viable FSO range across all weather conditions and that power cannot be transmitted past 1 km in foggy weather.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".