Scenes of Berlin: Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Toronto during the Summer of 1938
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Four significant fascist rallies took place in Toronto in the summer of 1938: John Ross Taylor’s Canadian Union of Fascists, Joseph Farr’s Nationalist Party, and then two rallies to establish the National Unity Party—a national fascist party fusing Farr’s group, Adrien Arcand’s Quebec-based Parti National Social Chrétien, and other fascist groups from across the country. This article examines thesefascist groups and their rallies, as well as the anti-fascist resistance. It focuses on the protests organized by the Provisional Anti-Fascist Committee consisting of the League for a Revolutionary Workers’ Party, the Toronto Libertarian Group, and working-class Jewish organizations. In examining these actors and events, the article seeks to demonstrate the complex dynamic of coordination and competition amongst fascist and anti-fascist actors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.032 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".