Applicability of Drag Equation on a Dimpled Golf Ball using Changing Wind Velocities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The drag equation is commonly used to relate the resistance force experienced by an object traveling through fluids with its velocity. The pattern might vary based on the specific geometry of the objects (e.g., a dimpled golf ball). The dimples are known to reduce the amount of drag during the ball’s flight through a series of complex aerodynamic processes. To investigate the ball’s drag pattern, pressure and air velocity on the golf ball, a CFD using Ansys fluent is performed to simulate its aerodynamic features under nine different wind velocities. After the experiment, it was found that the relationship between the drag and velocity of the dimpled golf ball still generally conforms to the drag equation. The pressure and velocity distributions are consistent with the hypothesis, while the aerodynamic details are presented. The effect of dimples is also visualized, contributing to the flow demonstration. The investigation is valuable because the aerodynamic process of the dimpled sphere structure in changing wind velocities is well presented and analyzed, and it inspires further explorations on the aerodynamic effects of the dimple geometry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".