Against the storm: the postwar Japanese culture through the real voices of working women, 1946-1950
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The immediate postwar period in Japan was devastating and chaotic.Problems severely affecting Japanese people's everyday lives were numerous and serious --the aftermath of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, destruction of the cities and the industries, starvation due to food shortage, repatriation from the overseas Japanese colonies, persistence of fascism, and the Allied Occupation and its control. 1 Japanese people's lives after the war were actually severer than in the wartime.During this challenging time, a Japanese women's magazine Hataraku fujin (Working Women)) was reissued in April 1946 by "Nihon Minshu-shugi Bunka Renmei" (Japanese Democratic CultureFederation) under the directorship of Nakano Shigeharu (1902-1979), a Marxist writer, poet, and critic.This 1 Hunger was one of the most serious problems Japanese people suffered from at the end of the war.The Ministry of Finance reported that due to a severe food shortage 10 million people starve to death in the fall of 1945.According to a survey, only 1.8% of elementary school children in Tokyo ate rice three times a day; 42.5% once a day; 42.9% no rice at all.Many people survived by eating so-called substitute foods such as potatoes and pumpkins.Between 1946 and 1948, people actually starved to death by living strictly on rationed rice.Almost all people barely managed to survive by means of black markets.On October 11, 1947, Yamaguchi Yoshitada (1913-1947), Tokyo District Court Judge, died of malnutrition at the age of 34 because he refused to survive by black markets.Under the extremely pressing circumstances, the humanitarian effort of GHQ's food supply to Japan was significant.Regarding the immediate postwar period, see John Dower's Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of Defeat (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), Mikiso Hane's "The Postwar Years: Reform and Reconstruction," pp.241-74 in his Japanese History: A Historical Survey (Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford: Westview Press, 1992), Andrew Gordon's "Occupied Japan: New Departures and Durable Structures," pp.226-43 in his A Modern History of Japan: from Tokugawa Times to the Present (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), and Sharalyn Orbaugh's "The Allied Occupation," pp.26-54 in her Japanese Fiction of the Allied Occupation: Vision, Embodiment, Identity (Leiden and Boston: Brill's Japanese Studies Library
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.022 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".