Economic Empowerment of Tanzanian Women Through Ownership of Tourism Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines how Tanzanian women are empowered through the ownership of tourism micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs); evaluates the effects of economic empowerment on their welfare; and discusses the challenges they face when running them. Using data on 475 women in Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, the empirical method used compares selected empowerment indicators before and after the women started their businesses. To determine the significance of the difference in monthly income earned and percentage contribution to household income, we use a non-parametric test. We find that owning tourism MSMEs empowers women by increasing their monthly income and contribution to household income, decision making in the enterprise and household, and allowing them to own assets. Women face challenges in obtaining inputs and accessing credit when starting and operating tourism MSMEs, lack capital to start and expand their businesses, and business management skills. Other constraints include high interest rates and difficult loan application procedures. Providing information on government funding opportunities, incorporating training in bank financial schemes, and simplifying loan application procedures to encourage women to apply for loans are the suggested measures to increase the empowerment effects of tourism MSMEs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".