Real-time capacitance imaging: a revolutionary NDT technique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Real Time, High-Resolution NDT Imaging Via Capacitance. A Revolutionary NDT technique We report on recent developments and field trials of a completely novel method of NDT: Capacitive Imaging. This novel method is entirely non-ionising and is capable of detection and imaging of internal features, objects and defects which are extremely difficult ‐ if not impossible ‐ to detect with existing NDT technologies such as x-rays, ultrasound, and millimetre waves (MMW). One of the first applications of thistechnology was its use by the Royal Canadian Navy to detect corrosion under paint and other coatings.However, this technology is also highly suited for a broad range of other NDT detection and imaging applications across many industrial sectors. We also report on further usage developments in other commercial environments: ‐ <ul> <li>Corrosion under paint and other coatings such as thermal insulation.</li> <li>Imaging of voids in walls and under floor tiles as an inexpensive alternative to ground penetrating radar (GPR).</li> <li>Security screening of mail for contraband such as drugs, biohazard powders, explosives, and non-metallic weapons.</li> <li>Inline inspection of glass-fibre composites for delamination, cracks and water ingress.</li> <li>Inline food and pharmaceutical quality inspection. </li> </ul> One major advantage of the CI system over widely used existing technologies such as thermography, ultrasound, back-scattered-x-ray etc. is that it is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and therefore avoids the large capex barrier to deployment that most of the commercially available state of the art suffers from. It requires no heavy power source or shielding and is completely non-radiological/ non-ionising, presenting no hazard to human health. This last, is an important factor when considering the public location of some deployments and cumulative effects on the user. It also offers great comparative advantages in speed of scanning and enhanced ability to discriminate between differing types of materials as compared to techniques such as x-rays.Some examples of the other advantages of this technology over commercially available state of the art are : ‐ <ul> <li>It can readily image items which would either be very difficult or completely impossible to detect with x-rays/radiography.</li> <li>Articles such as powders and plastics etc. are just as easily imaged as those made of metal and no pre-sorting of light and dense objects is necessary.</li> <li>Contraband Items such as ceramic knives which would not trigger a metal detection, are very easily imaged with the Capacitance Imager.</li> <li>Unlike ultrasound, the Capacitance Imager technology does not require intimate contact and/or couplant with the scanned object.</li> <li>Much higher scanning/imaging speeds than most other continuous inline industrial techniques: typically, 300 lines per second on a 45 cm wide belt moving at 30 metres per minute can be scanned, which is equivalent to an area of 800m 2 per hour to a spatial resolution of 2 mm.</li> </ul>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".