It’s uncomplicated: Prevention of urinary tract infections in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Infections of the urinary tract are commonAU : PleaseconfirmthatallheadinglevUrinary tract infections (UTIs) rank near the top of the long list of medical issues that can affect humans.They are the most common reason for outpatient visits in the United States (US), and clinics around the world see millions of cases annually.UTIs can be broadly categorized as uncomplicated infections that are usually straightforward to resolve, versus complicated UTIs that because of the pathogen, anatomy or health status of the patient, and/or presence of medical devices such as urinary catheters or stents, are more challenging to resolve.Complicated UTIs are associated with formation of antibiotic-tolerant bacterial or fungal biofilm communities on medical devices during prolonged use, and risk is correlated with duration of device placement [1].Although uncomplicated UTIs are relatively simple to treat, they can be recurrent, defined as 2 or more symptomatic infections in 6 months, or 3 in 12 months, often with the same pathogen [2].If inadequately treated, both types of UTIs can progress to severe disease, including kidney damage and sepsis, with the urinary tract being a major source of bloodstream infections [3,4]. Uncomplicated UTIs disproportionately affect womenMore than half of adult women will have an uncomplicated UTI at some point in their lives, and risk is correlated with increasing age, with a prevalence of approximately 20% in those over 65 years [2].Between 20% and 30% of women will experience a recurrence of their initial UTI within 3 to 4 months [5].These numbers are likely an underestimate, because UTIs are not reportable in most jurisdictions.Women are more susceptible than men due to specific anatomical and physiological differences [6].In women, the urethral opening is closer to the anus, a primary source of bacteria that can cause uncomplicated UTIs.The shorter female urethra means bacteria have less distance to travel from the external opening to reach the bladder.Sexual activity can introduce bacteria into the urethra, and women are more likely to get UTIs after intercourse than men [7].Changes in function of the urogenital tract related to pregnancy, menopause, or use of diaphragms or spermicidal agents for birth control can increase the risk for infection [8].For both men and women, conditions that prevent the bladder from emptying completely-including prolapsed uterus or bladder, the presence of kidney or bladder stones, or medical devices-can lead to urine retention and increased infection risk.Elderly adults or people with diseases such as diabetes, in whom immune function is decreased, are also more susceptible to UTIs [4].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".