The first hadrosaurid trackway from the horseshoe canyon formation (campanian/maastrichtian) of Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Horseshoe Canyon Formation has provided a wealth of vertebrate skeletal fossils over the past 100 years of collection. Vertebrate trace fossils such as footprints and trackways, however, have been markedly underrepresented. Trackways can provide a wealth of information regarding behaviour and soft tissues reflective of autopodial anatomy. Discovery of several giant, high-fidelity ichnites in series from the Morrin Member represents the first definitive dinosaur trackway reported from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. The trackway is composed of three footprint casts in series, alongside 22 associated ichnites. The ichnites were formed in soft sediment molds along a non-uniform walking surface. The deep substrates allowed for the preservation of both the plantar surface and dorsal components of the trackmakers’ feet. Some ichnites show soft tissue morphologies like interdigital webbing, toe pads, and skin impressions. Presence of these features and small kidney-shaped forelimb prints allow referral to Hadrosauropodus langstoni. The preservation of the trackway demonstrates asymmetries useful for comparison of the relief and impression surfaces of prints using both discrete and morphometric characteristics, improving confidence in identifying partial or isolated Hadrosauropodus prints of various modes of formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".