Prolonged drying impedes the detachment of microplastics in unsaturated substrate: Role of flow regimes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The detachment of microplastics (MPs) from porous media under different moisture conditions and flow regimes has garnered limited attention within the research community. The present study investigates the detachment of MPs from porous media under wet and dry conditions combined with steady and transient flow. For both the wet and dry conditions, the increase in flow rates is found to decrease the detachment of hydrophobic polyethylene of two sizes and of hydrophilic polymethylmethacrylate. Intermittent flow is found to result in effluent peaks and a higher rate of MP detachment compared to steady flow. The ionic strength of inflow drops in a stepwise manner, leading to abrupt peaks followed by a tail corresponding to the arrival of each ionic strength front. Each step increase in flow rate leads to a steep peak followed by slow release over several pore volumes. Although transient flow facilitates the detachment of MPs, drying significantly impedes the detachment of MPs irrespective of flow regime. Ultraviolet weathering of MPs for 60 days weakens the inhibition effect of drying on hydrophilic polymethylmethacrylate, facilitating their detachment. Furthermore, the release of MPs decreases markedly with an increase in air-drying duration from 0 h to 72 h. Hydrus-1D two-site kinetic models are used to successfully simulate time-dependent processes, implying that drying heightens the energy barrier for MPs to detach. Our analysis confirms the significance of moisture in determining the remobilization of MPs, providing valuable insights concerning the fate of MPs in unsaturated substrate under prolonged drought conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".