A study on coupled edgewise and flapwise vibration modes of wind turbine blade
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The coupled flapwise and edgewise vibrations of a horizontal axis wind turbine blade (HAWT) are discussed in this paper. Kinetic and potential energies of the blade are evaluated with consideration of the effects of gravity and aerodynamic forces. Hamilton’s principle is employed to develop the nonlinear coupled modal equations of the blade. The coupling between the first order edgewise and the first two order of flapwise modes is considered. This leads to three equations with nonlinear terms. Multiple-scales perturbation method is employed to solve these equations. Furthermore, the numerical values of structural specifications of National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5-MW reference wind turbine blade are used, for example. It is shown that first edgewise and first flapwise vibrations are dominant, while second flapwise mode of vibration is less significant in the case of transient responses. Energy transfer between resonant modes is observed in both internal and combination resonances. The amplitude–frequency curves and phase diagrams during primary and combination resonances are obtained for the steady-state responses. Combination and primary resonances are further examined by considering various factors such as geometric nonlinearity and aerodynamic force.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".