Reliability ensemble averaging reduces surface wind speed projection uncertainties in the 21st century over China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accurate prediction of future surface wind speed (SWS) changes is the basis of scientific planning for wind turbines. Most studies have projected SWS changes in the 21st century over China on the basis of the multi-model ensemble (MME) of the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). However, the simulation capability for SWS varies greatly in CMIP6 multi-models, so the MME results still have large uncertainties. In this study, we used the reliability ensemble averaging (REA) method to assign each model different weights according to their performances in simulating historical SWS changes and project the SWS under different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) in 2015‒2099. The results indicate that REA considerably improves the SWS simulation capacity of CMIP6, eliminating the overestimation of SWS by the MME and increasing the simulation capacity of spatial distribution. The spatial correlations with observations increased from 0.56 for the MME to 0.85 for REA. Generally, REA could eliminate the overestimation of the SWS by 33% in 2015‒2099. Except for southeastern China, the SWS generally decreases over China in the near term (2020‒2049) and later term (2070–2099), particularly under high-emission scenarios. The SWS reduction projected by REA is twice as high as that by the MME in the near term, reaching −4% to −3%. REA predicts a larger area of increased SWS in the later term, which expands from southeastern China to eastern China. This study helps to reduce the projected SWS uncertainties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".