Oportunistic foraging at American Elk, Cervus elaphus, droppings by Clark's Nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the Uinta Mountains, Utah, a Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) was observed in August 1998 picking through a large pile of fresh soft droppings of American Elk (Cervus elaphus).During a five-minute period the nutcracker swallowed items recovered from the droppings 33 times, but items were too small to identify from 3-6 m distant using binoculars.Dissected droppings revealed only a few small grass and sedge seeds among undigested plant fragments.No insects were observed on or under the droppings, and the nutcracker never consumed a large quantity of the droppings, as it might have if it were seeking rare minerals or vitamins.The nutcracker pried apart some individual droppings, indicating it was searching for items contained within them, and may have been after the smail, undigested seeds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".