North Atlantic Sperm Whale, Physeter macrocephalus, strandings on the coastlines of the British lsles and eastern Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Goold, John C., Hal Whitehead, and Robert J. Reid.2002.North Atlantic Sperm Whale, Physeter macrocephalus, strandings on the coastlines of the British Isles and Eastern Canada.Canadian Field-Naturalist 116(3): 371-388.Sperm Whale stranding records for the British Isles and Eastern Canada were analysed to investigate short and long term stranding trends on either side of the North Atlantic Ocean.Annual stranding events across a ten year period from 1988 to 1997 showed no significant trend with time in either the British Isles or eastern Canada, although stranding events were nearly three times as numerous on the Scottish coast during this period than in any other region.Strandings during this period occurred throughout the year in Scotland, Ireland and eastern Canada, but peaked in the autumn and winter periods.Strandings on the English coast were the least numerous and occurred only in the autumn and winter.Decadal analysis of stranding events for the 20 Century as a whole showed significant exponential increases in Sperm Whale strandings in all regions of the British Isles (except England due to small sample size).Decadal stranding events were fitted to an exponential model which revealed a rate of increase of 14%/yr for the British Isles as a whole, beginning at about 1970.The stranding rate on the Scottish coast, 18%/yr, was twice that for Ireland, 9%/yr, with most of the strandings increase occurring in the offshore Scottish Islands.The time series data for eastern Canada was of insufficient extent to conduct a rigorous decadal analysis.Almost all stranded Sperm Whales on the British and East Canadian coasts have been males.Sperm Whale strandings have been most dense, and have increased fastest, in the offshore Scottish islands of Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland.The data support no firm conclusions but valid hypotheses include increased reporting and anthropogenic effects, which may be acting synergistically.The increase in the British data is too dramatic to have been caused solely by a simple increase in Sperm Whale population size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".