System-level Security Solution for Heterogeneous D2D-underlaid Cellular Network
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper focuses on the problem of secure communications in a D2D-underlaid cellular network, where device-to-device (D2D) communication operates in a hybrid manner using both millimeter-wave (mmWave) and microwave frequency bands. To combat vigilant adversaries, we employ the technique of covert communication to conceal the presence of legitimate D2D transmissions. The D2D transmitters employ power control, communication-mode switching, and leverage the cellular signals to evade detection by adversaries. The conflict situation between the D2D transmitters and the adversaries is modeled as a Stackelberg game. To mathematically characterize the network’s spatial configuration, we utilize the stochastic geometry modeling and consider a large-scale D2D-underlaid network, enabling a system-level analysis of communication strategies. We analyze the game equilibrium and thereafter search for equilibrium by using a bi-level algorithm. Insightful findings are drawn from numerical simulation results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".