Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Ionospheric electrodynamics is a problem of mechanical stress balance mediated by electromagnetic forces. Joule heating (the total rate of frictional heating of thermospheric gases and ionospheric plasma) and ionospheric Hall and Pedersen conductances comprise three of the most basic descriptors of this problem. More than half a century after identification of their central role in ionospheric electrodynamics several important questions about these quantities, including the degree to which they exhibit hemispheric symmetry under reversal of the sign of dipole tilt and the sign of the y component of the interplanetary magnetic field (so-called "mirror symmetry"), remain unanswered. While global estimates of these key parameters can be obtained by combining existing empirical models, one often encounters some frustrating sources of uncertainty: the measurements from which such models are derived, usually magnetic field and electric field or ion drift measurements, are typically measured separately and do not necessarily align. The models to be combined moreover often use different input parameters, different assumptions about hemispheric symmetry, and/or different coordinate systems. We eliminate these sources of uncertainty in model predictions of electromagnetic work J⋅E (in general not equal to Joule heating ηJ2) and ionospheric conductances by combining two new empirical models of the high-latitude ionospheric electric potential and ionospheric currents that are derived in a mutually consistent fashion: these models do not assume any form of symmetry between the two hemispheres; are based on Apex coordinates, spherical harmonics, and the same model input parameters; and are derived exclusively from convection and magnetic field measurements made by the Swarm and CHAMP satellites. The model source code is open source and publicly available. Comparison of high-latitude distributions of electromagnetic work in each hemisphere as functions of dipole tilt and interplanetary magnetic field clock angle indicate that the typical assumption of mirror symmetry is largely justified. Model predictions of ionospheric Hall and Pedersen conductances exhibit a degree of symmetry, but clearly asymmetric responses to dipole tilt and solar wind driving conditions are also identified. The distinction between electromagnetic work and Joule heating allows us to identify where and under what conditions the assumption that the neutral wind corotates with the earth is not likely to be physically consistent with predicted Hall and Pedersen conductances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.051 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.041 | 0.043 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.070 | 0.055 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".