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Doping Liquid Argon with Xenon in ProtoDUNE Single-Phase: Effects on Scintillation Light
A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, G. Adamov, Mark Adamowski, D. L. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. A. Aguilar, B. Aimard, F. Akbar, Kelly C. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, Mosab Alrashed, R. Alvarez, H. Amar Es-sghir, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, Н. Анфимов, Artur M. Ankowski, M Antoniassi, M. Antonova, A. Antoshkin, Alfredo Aranda, L. Arellano, E. Arrieta Díaz, J. Asaadi, A. Ashkenazi, L. Asquith, E. T. Atkin, D. Auguste, A. Aurisano, V. Aushev, D. Autiero, F. Azfar, H.O. Back, I. Bagaturia, L. Bagby, N. Balashov, S. Balasubramanian, Pierre Baldi, W. Baldini, B. Baller, Bindu A. Bambah, Rituparna Banerjee, F. Barão, Gabriela Barenboim, Wayne Barkhouse, G. Barr, J. Barranco Monarca, A. L. F. de Barros, N. Barros, D. Barrow, A. Basharina-Freshville, A. Bashyal, V. Basque, C. Batchelor, L. Bathe-Peters, Francesca De Battisti, F. Bay, E. Bechetoille, B. Behera, E. Belchior, Graydon D. Bell, L. Bellantoni, G. Bellettini, Vincenzo Bellini, O. Beltramello, N. Benekos, C. Benitez Montiel, F Bento Neves, J. Berger, S. Berkman, P. Bernardini, A. Bersani, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, A. Betancur Rodríguez, A. J. Bevan, Y. Bezawada, T. J. C. Bezerra, A. Bhat, V. Bhatnagar, Jatin Bhatt, M. Bhattacharjee, Madhumita Bhattacharya, S Bhuller, B. Bhuyan, S. Biagi, J. M. Bian, K. Biery, B. Bilki, M. Bishai, A. Bitadze, A. Blake, J. Boissevain, S. Bolognesi, T. Bolton, L. Bomben, M. Bonesini, Cesar Bonilla, F. Bonini, Andrew Booth, F. Boran, S. Bordoni, R. Borges Merlo, A. Borkum, N. Bostan, J. Braciník, D. Braga, B. Brahma, D Brailsford, F. Bramati, A. Branca, A. Brandt, J. Bremer, C. Brew, V. Brio, C. Brizzolari, C Bromberg, J. J. Brooke, A. Bross, G. Brunetti, Maria Teresa Brunetti, N. J. Buchanan, H. S. Budd, J Buergi, Dustin Burgardt, Stuart H. M. Butchart, I. Cagnoli, T. Cai, R. Calabrese, J. Calcutt, M. Cãlin, L. Calivers, E. Calvo, A. Caminata, Wallison Campanelli, A. Campos Benitez, N. Canci, J Capó, I Caracas, D. Caratelli, D Carber, G. Carini, B. Carlus, P. Carniti, I. Caro Terrazas, Hernán Carranza, Nicholas Carrara, L. Carroll, Thomas L. Carroll, A Carter, D. Casazza, A. Castillo, C. Castromonte, E. Catano-Mur, C. Cattadori, F. Cavalier, F. Cavanna, S. Centro, G. B. Cerati, A. Cervelli, A. Cervera Villanueva, Kaustav Chakraborty, M. Chalifour, A. Chappell, N. Charitonidis, A. Chatterjee, H. Chen, M Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen-Wishart, D. Cherdack, C.Y. Chi, R Chirco, N. Chitirasreemadam, Kyuil Cho, S. Choate, D. Chokheli, Badrul A. Chowdhury, D. Christian, A. Chukanov, М. Chung, E. Church, M. Cicerchia, V. Cicero, Riccardo Ciolini, J. Clair, P. E. L. Clarke, G. Cline, Ariel Cohen, J. Collot, E. Conley, M. R. Convery, P. Cooke, S. Copello, P. Cova, C. Cox, L. Cremaldi, L. Cremonesi, M. Crisler, E. Cristaldo, J D Crnkovic, G. Crone, Ryan Cross, A. Cudd, C. Cuesta, Yanou Cui, D. Cussans, Jiawei Dai, Olivia Dalager, R. Dallavalle, H. da Motta, Robert Darby, Q. David, S. Davini, J. Dawson, R de Aguiar, P. De Almeida, P. Debbins, I. De Bonis, André de Gouvêa, Peter J. de Jong, Adrián de la Torre, A. Delbart, D. Delépine, Manuel Delgado, A. Dell’Acqua, Nicola Delmonte, P. De Lurgio, R. Demario, C. Densham, Paul Denton, A. De Roeck, Valentina De Romeri, Joe Devine, R. Dharmapalan, M. Dias, Francesc Dı́az, F. Di Capua, A. Di Domenico, S. Di Domizio, S. Di Falco, L Di Giulio, P. F. Ding, L. Di Noto, E. Diociaiuti, C. Distefano, Z. Djurcic, M. Diwan, Z. Djurčić, D. Doering, S. Dolan, F. Dolek, D. Domenici, L. Domine, S. Donati, Y. Donon, Simon Doran, D. Douglas, A. Dragone, F. Drielsma, Leonardo Teixeira Domingues Duarte, D. Duchesneau, K. Duffy, K Dugas, P. Dunne, B. Dutta, Hongyue Duyang, O. Dvornikov, S. Dytman, M. Eads, A. Earle, S. Edayath, D. Edmunds, J. Eisch, P. Englezos, A. Ereditato, T. Erjavec, E. Ewart, K Fahey, L. Fajt, A. Falcone, C. Farnese, Yasaman Farzan, D Fedoseev, J. Félix, Y. Feng, E. Fernández-Martínez, F. Ferraro, Gilles Ferry, L. 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Grzelak, W. Gu, V. Guarino, M. Guarise, R. Guénette, E. Guerard, M. Guerzoni, D. Güffanti, A. Guglielmi, B. Guo, Y. Guo, A. Gupta, Viyas Gupta, G. Gurung, Diego Gutiérrez, P. Guzowski, S Gwon, K. Haaf, A. Habig, H. K. Hadavand, Rolf Haenni, L. Hagaman, A. Hahn, J. Haiston, J Hakenmueller, T. Hamernik, P. Hamilton, Jason Hancock, F. Happacher, J. Hartnell, T. Hartnett, J. L. Harton, T. Hasegawa, C Hasnip, R. Hatcher, K. Hayrapetyan, J. Hays, E. Hazen, M. He, A. Heavey, J. Heise, S. Henry, K. Herner, V Hewes, A. Higuera, C. Hilgenberg, A. Himmel, E Hinkle, J. Ho, J. Hoff, A. Holin, T. Holvey, Edward J. Hoppe, Matheus Hostert, T. Houdy, Benjamin Charles Howard, R. H. Howell, I. Hristova, J. Huang, Z Hulcher, Muhammad Ibrahim, G. Iles, N. Ilic, R. Illingworth, G. Ingratta, Ara Ioannisian, B. Irwin, L. Isenhower, M. Ismerio Oliveira, R. Itay, V. Jain, E. James, Wooyoung Jang, B. Jargowsky, Debdeep Jena, X. Ji, Changyun Jiang, Junjie Jiang, L. Jiang, A. Jipa, W. J. Johnson, B. J. P. 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Lang, Dianne Langford, M. Langstaff, F. Lanni, O. Lantwin, Jeff Larkin, P. Lasorak, D. Last, Antoine Laudrain, A. Laundrie, G. Laurenti, Emile Lavaut, A. Lawrence, P. Laycock, I. Lazanu, M. Lazzaroni, T. Le, S Leardini, J. G. Learned, T. LeCompte, Chin Ok Lee, V Legin, G. Lehmann Miotto, Ralf Lehnert, Matthaeus Leitner, D. Leon Silverio, Jiawei Li, Yuelin Li, H. Liao, D Lindebaum, J Ling, A. Lister, Hai Liu, J Liu, Y. Liu, S. Lockwitz, M. Lokajı́ček, I. Lomidze, K. Long, J. A. López, I. López de Rego, N. López March, Tom C. Lord, A. Sanchez, X. -G. Lu, B. Lunday, X. Luo, E. Luppi, J. Maalmi, David G. Macfarlane, P. Machado, Michael K. C. MacMahon, A. Maddalena, A Madera, P. Madigan, Stephen T. Magill, Christopher Magueur, K. Mahn, Arkady Major, K. Majumdar, Mustafa Man, J. Maneira, S. Manly, A. Mann, K. Manolopoulos, M. Manrique Plata, S. Manthey Corchado, M Marchan, A. Marchionni, W. Marciano, D. Marfatia, C. Mariani, J. Maricic, F. Marinho, T. Markiewicz, F. Das Chagas Marques, D. Marsden, Marvin L. Marshak, J. Marshall, J. Martín-Albo, N. Lorenzo Martinez, Francisco Martínez López, P. Martínez Miravé, S. Martynenko, V. Mascagna, Cosimo Massari, A. Mastbaum, F. Matichard, S. Matsuno, G. Matteucci, J. Matthews, C. Mauger, N. Mauri, K. Mavrokoridis, I. Mawby, Roberto Mazza, A. Mazzacane, T. McAskill, N. McConkey, C. McGrew, A. McNab, L. Meazza, B. M. Mehta, Poonam Mehta, P. Melas, Olga Mena, H. Méndez, D. P. Méndez, A. Menegolli, G. Meng, Steven J. Metallo, Jane Metcalf, W. Metcalf, Matthew Mewes, H. Meyer, T. Miao, A. Miccoli, Gregory J. Michna, V. Mikola, Graham Miller, William H. Miller, O. Mineev, A. Minotti, L. Miralles, C. Mironov, Sandeep Miryala, S. Miscetti, A. Mislivec, Michele Follen Mitchell, D. Mladenov, Irina Mocioiu, A. Mogan, N. Moggi, Rukmani Mohanta, N. Mokhov, Jorge Molina, L. Molina Bueno, Elisabetta Montagna, A. Montanari, C. Montanari, D. Montanari, D. Montanino, M. Mooney, Zae Moore, D. Moreno, O. Moreno-Palacios, L. Morescalchi, Davide Vito Moretti, Roberto Moretti, Christopher Morris, C. Mossey, M Mote, G Mouster, W. Mu, L. Mualem, J. Mueller, M. Muether, F. Muheim, Alan Muir, M. Mulhearn, D. Munford, H. Muramatsu, J.-F. Muraz, M. Murphy, Tara Murphy, J. M. Muse, Angeliki Mytilinaki, J. Nachtman, Y. Nagai, S. Nagu, M. Nalbandyan, R. Nandakumar, D. Naples, S. Narita, A. Nath, A. Navrer-Agasson, N. Nayak, M. Nebot-Guinot, Asa Nehm, O. Neogi, J Nesbit, M. Nessi, D. M. Newbold, M. Newcomer, R. J. Nichol, F. Nicolas-Arnaldos, A Nikolica, Jovana Nikolov, E. Niner, K. Nishimura, A. Norman, A. Norrick, P. Novella, M Oberling, J. Nowak, Sung Bin Oh, A. Olivier, A. Olshevskiy, T. Olson, Y. Onel, Y. Onishchuk, A Oranday, Matthew Osbiston, Luis Otiniano, J. Ott, L. Pagani, Guillermo Palacio, O. Palamara, S. Palestini, M. Pallavicini, C. Palomares, Supriya Pan, P. Panda, J. G. Panduro Vazquez, V. Paolone, V. Papadimitriou, R. Papaleo, A. Papanestis, Dimitrios K. Papoulias, S. Paramesvaran, A. 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Reggiani-Guzzo, J. Reichenbacher, H. Rejeb Sfar, E. Renner, A. Renshaw, S. Rescia, F. Resnati, C. Reynolds, M. Ribas, S. Riboldi, C. Riccio, G. Riccobene, M. Rigan, A. Ritchie-Yates, S. Ritter, D. Rivera, R. Rivera, A. Robert, Lynn Rochester, M. Roda, P. Rodrigues, J. Rodriguez Rondon, S. Rosauro-Alcaraz, P. Rosier, D. Roß, M. Rossella, Marco Rossi, M. Ross-Lonergan, N. Roy, P. Roy, C. Rubbia, Alessandro Ruggeri, G. Ruiz Ferreira, B. Russell, D. Ruterbories, A. Rybnikov, A. Saa-Hernandez, R. Saakyan, S. Sacerdoti, Nandini Sahu, P. Sala, N. P. Samios, O. Samoylov, A. Sánchez Bravo, P. Sánchez-Lucas, V. Sandberg, D. P. C. Sankey, Danilo Santoro, N. Saoulidou, P. Sapienza, C. Sarasty, Ina Sarčević, I. Sarra, G. Savage, V. Savinov, G. Scanavini, A. Scaramelli, A Scarff, T. Schefke, H. Schellman, Sebastiano Fabio Schifano, P. Schlabach, D. Schmitz, K. Scholberg, A. Schukraft, Brooke Schuld, E. Segreto, A. Selyunin, J Sensenig, P. Shanahan, P. Sharma, R. Kumar, K. Shaw, T. Shaw, K. Shchablo, C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, A. Sheshukov, Seodong Shin, Sushil Shivakoti, I. Shoemaker, D. Shooltz, Robert Shrock, B. G. Siddi, J. Silber, L. Simard, J. Sinclair, G. Sinev, Jaydip Singh, L. Singh, P. Singh, S. Singh Chauhan, Roland Sipos, Camille Sironneau, G. Sirri, K. Siyeon, J. Smedley, E. Smith, J. Lea Smith, Pete Smith, J. Smolík, M. Smy, Matthew D. Snape, P. Snopok, D. Snowden-Ifft, M. Soares Nunes, H. Sobel, M. Söderberg, Sergei Sokolov, S. Söldner‐Rembold, N. Solomey, V. N. Solovov, M. Sorel, A. Sotnikov, J. Soto-Otón, A. Sousa, K. Soustružnı́k, F. Spinella, J. Spitz, K. Spurgeon, Daniel Stalder, M. Stancari, L. Stančo, Jacob Steenis, Robert Stein, Анна Степанова, J. Stewart, B. Stillwell, J. Stock, F. Stocker, Tim Stokes, M. Strait, T. Strauss, Louis E. Strigari, Alan D. Stuart, J Subash, A. Surdo, L. Suter, K. Sutton, Y. Suvorov, R. Svoboda, Barbara Szczerbinska, A. A. Sztuc, A. Taffara, N Talukdar, J. Tamara, S. Tang, N. Taniuchi, B. Tapia Oregui, A. Tapper, S. 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Bibliographic record
VenuearXiv (Cornell University) · 2024
Typepreprint
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicDark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryLos Alamos National LaboratoryFermilabLaboratori Nazionali del Gran SassoInstituto Superior TécnicoScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaStony Brook UniversityCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityUniversità degli Studi di ParmaUniversidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryEuropean Regional Development FundUniversity of South CarolinaTaras Shevchenko National University of KyivPunjab Agricultural UniversityJunta de AndalucíaUniversidad del MagdalenaGran Sasso Science InstituteNorthwestern UniversityOffice of ScienceNational Institute of Science Education and ResearchIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di PadovaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroUniversità di PisaSouthern Methodist UniversityConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoUniversité Paris-SaclayYale UniversityXunta de GaliciaUniversitat de ValènciaUniversità degli Studi di FerraraHigh Energy Accelerator Research OrganizationUniwersytet WarszawskiUniversidad de GuanajuatoIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de GoiásMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueUniversità degli Studi di PaviaUniversità degli Studi di GenovaJeonbuk National UniversityKorea Institute of Science and Technology InformationRice UniversityUK Research and InnovationKorea Institute of Science and TechnologyKorea UniversityFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaRadboud UniversiteitUniversity of SussexUniversity College LondonUniversity of TorontoUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyImperial College LondonUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosUniversity of OxfordUniversity of WarwickHarish-Chandra Research InstituteRoyal SocietyUniversity of HyderabadOhio State UniversityInstituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaSun Yat-sen UniversitySouth Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyFlorida State UniversityUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaCERNUniversità degli Studi di MilanoIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareState University of New YorkIdaho State UniversityUniversidad de GranadaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaPontificia Universidad Católica del PerúUniversity of PittsburghIowa State UniversityQueen Mary University of LondonUniversity of Notre DameHorizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeLouisiana State UniversityInstitute for Research in Fundamental SciencesSyracuse UniversityWellesley CollegeTel Aviv UniversityJawaharlal Nehru UniversitySchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungYork UniversityInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzUniversidade de LisboaNorthern Illinois UniversityUniversity of RochesterUniversity of Minnesota DuluthMichigan State UniversityWichita State UniversityUniversity of MinnesotaNational Science FoundationSouth Dakota State UniversityUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonOregon State UniversityUniversity of PennsylvaniaFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloJackson State UniversityEuropean CommissionMassachusetts Institute of TechnologySapienza Università di RomaPacific Northwest National LaboratoryFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroU.S. Department of Energy
KeywordsXenonArgonScintillationDetectorDopingPhotonMaterials scienceAnalytical Chemistry (journal)OpticsPhysicsAtomic physicsChemistryOptoelectronics
Abstract
Doping of liquid argon TPCs (LArTPCs) with a small concentration of xenon is a technique for light-shifting and facilitates the detection of the liquid argon scintillation light. In this paper, we present the results of the first doping test ever performed in a kiloton-scale LArTPC. From February to May 2020, we carried out this special run in the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype (ProtoDUNE-SP) at CERN, featuring 720 t of total liquid argon mass with 410 t of fiducial mass. A 5.4 ppm nitrogen contamination was present during the xenon doping campaign. The goal of the run was to measure the light and charge response of the detector to the addition of xenon, up to a concentration of 18.8 ppm. The main purpose was to test the possibility for reduction of non-uniformities in light collection, caused by deployment of photon detectors only within the anode planes. Light collection was analysed as a function of the xenon concentration, by using the pre-existing photon detection system (PDS) of ProtoDUNE-SP and an additional smaller set-up installed specifically for this run. In this paper we first summarize our current understanding of the argon-xenon energy transfer process and the impact of the presence of nitrogen in argon with and without xenon dopant. We then describe the key elements of ProtoDUNE-SP and the injection method deployed. Two dedicated photon detectors were able to collect the light produced by xenon and the total light. The ratio of these components was measured to be about 0.65 as 18.8 ppm of xenon were injected. We performed studies of the collection efficiency as a function of the distance between tracks and light detectors, demonstrating enhanced uniformity of response for the anode-mounted PDS. We also show that xenon doping can substantially recover light losses due to contamination of the liquid argon by nitrogen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.001
Threshold uncertainty score0.004
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.026
GPT teacher head0.191
Teacher spread0.164 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations1
Published2024
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes