A Geodemographic Analysis of Environmental Racism in Sarnia’s Chemical Valley
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The primary focus of this study is to find a correlation between National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) facilities and Indigenous reserves in Sarnia, Ontario, specifically the Aamjiwnaang First Nations reserve. Besides the primary study area of Sarnia, a comparative study was done with other industrial cities along the Great Lakes in Ontario, such as, Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Windsor, and Hamilton. Aggregate Dissemination Area (ADA) level data from the 2016 Canadian Census data was used for this study. A geodemographic segmentation analysis was completed using statistical methods such as principal component analysis and K-Means clustering analysis. The results of the study reveal that, in Sarnia, there are 14 ADAs with a population of 88,233 that are within a 5-kilometre radius of toxic NPRI facilities. Additionally, the K-Means cluster groups around NPRI facilities in Sarnia are low income, marginalized communities, which is indicative that the Aamjiwnaang community is affected by poor environment, poor health, and poor economic and living standards.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".