Impact of Electrolyte Volume on the Cycling Performance and Impedance Growth of 18650 Li-ion Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We provide compelling evidence that the cycling performance of 18650 Li-ion cells is adversely affected by excessive amounts of electrolyte volume, with a noticeable decline observed within the initial 30 cycles, particularly at higher discharge rates. This “high-volume effect” imposes additional constraints on the optimization of cell manufacturing, highlighting the importance of identifying its underlying causes. The electrochemical impedance of 3.5 Ah 18650 cylindrical cells with varying levels of electrolyte volume was extensively measured using PEIS and GEIS techniques. The results indicate that, in general, the ohmic and charge transfer resistance(s) of the cells increase at a faster rate when excess electrolyte volume (9% and 18%) is present. During high discharge rate cycling, relaxation periods can effectively recover the lost capacity, but when high discharge rate cycling resumes, the trend in the capacity loss reappears. We hypothesize that a salt segregation effect in the electrolyte may contribute to the growth of both ohmic and charge transfer resistance, leading to capacity loss when excess electrolyte is present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".