Anisotropic Lens-Shaped Mesoporous Carbon with Bifunctional Dual Metal Single Atom Electrocatalyst for Na Seawater Battery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seawater is a promising electrolyte that can replace conventional distilled water-based electrolytes in that they are affordable and abundant. In the Na seawater battery, oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction occur in a single electrode during the charge and discharge process respectively. To obtain high energy efficiency of the Na-seawater battery, both oxygen electrocatalytic activity should be improved. In addition, the electrochemical reaction occurring in natural seawater may be hindered by chlorine ions. Side reactions such as chlorine evolution reaction or poisoning of electrocatalyst may occur during the charge/discharge process. In this study, dual metal single atom (DSA) loaded anisotropic lens-shaped mesoporous carbon is prepared for an electrode material in a Na-seawater battery. The DSA loaded anisotropic lens-shaped mesoporous carbon is synthesized by polymer interfacial self-assembly of block copolymer (BCP, Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene, PEO-b-PS) and immiscible homopolymer (Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA). During the self-assembly, pre-dissolved inorganic precursors assemble with BCPs constructing the ordered mesoporous structure. Followed by proper carbonization and chemical etching, DSA loaded anisotropic lens-shaped mesoporous carbon is prepared. Using the natural seawater, the half-cell performance on the rotating disk electrode (RDE) of DSA (Fe-Nx/Co-Nx) loaded mesoporous carbon shows the lower potential difference (EOER-EORR) than a single atom (Fe-Nx) loaded mesoporous carbon, commercial Pt/C (20 wt%) and commercial Ir/IrO catalyst. Based on the RDE result, electrocatalyst performance in seawater half-cell (Na || Seawater) exhibits a concordant result. In addition to the electrochemical results, the performance of the DSA electrocatalyst is confirmed by comparing the activities of chlorine and oxygen species on DSA model through density functional theory calculation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".