Unveiling the Black Box: A Unified XAI Framework for Signal-Based Deep Learning Models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Condition monitoring (CM) is essential for maintaining operational reliability and safety in complex machinery, particularly in robotic systems. Despite the potential of deep learning (DL) in CM, its ‘black box’ nature restricts its broader adoption, especially in mission-critical applications. Addressing this challenge, our research introduces a robust, four-phase framework explicitly designed for DL-based CM in robotic systems. (1) Feature extraction utilizes advanced Fourier and wavelet transformations to enhance both the model’s accuracy and explainability. (2) Fault diagnosis employs a specialized Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (CLSTM) model, trained on the features to classify signals effectively. (3) Model refinement uses SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation) values for pruning nonessential features, thereby simplifying the model and reducing data dimensionality. (4) CM interpretation develops a system offering insightful explanations of the model’s decision-making process for operators. This framework is rigorously evaluated against five existing fault diagnosis architectures, utilizing two distinct datasets: one involving torque measurements from a robotic arm for safety assessment and another capturing vibration signals from an electric motor with multiple fault types. The results affirm our framework’s superior optimization, reduced training and inference times, and effectiveness in transparently visualizing fault patterns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".