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Doping liquid argon with xenon in ProtoDUNE Single-Phase: effects on scintillation light
A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. L. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. A. Aguilar, B. Aimard, F. Akbar, K. K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, R. Alvarez, H. Amar Es-sghir, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti, M.P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, Н. Анфимов, A. Ankowski, M. Antoniassi, M. Antonova, A. Antoshkin, Alfredo Aranda, L. Arellano, E. Arrieta Díaz, M. A. Arroyave, J. Asaadi, A. Ashkenazi, L. Asquith, E. T. Atkin, D. Auguste, A. Aurisano, V. Aushev, D. Autiero, F. Azfar, H.O. Back, H. Back, J. J. Back, I. Bagaturia, L. Bagby, N. Balashov, S. Balasubramanian, Pierre Baldi, W. Baldini, B. Baller, B. Bambah, Rajat Banerjee, F. Barão, Gabriela Barenboim, Pablo Barham Alzás, Gareth J. Barker, W. Barkhouse, G. Barr, J. Barranco Monarca, A. L. F. de Barros, N. Barros, D. Barrow, J. L. Barrow, A. Basharina-Freshville, A. Bashyal, V. Basque, C. Batchelor, L. 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Budd, J. Buergi, Dustin Burgardt, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Gian Caceres Vera, I. Cagnoli, T. Cai, R. Calabrese, J. Calcutt, M. Calin, L. Calivers, E. Calvo, A. Caminata, Wallison Campanelli, A. Campos Benitez, N. Canci, Jordi Capó, Ioana Caracas, D. Caratelli, D. Carber, J. M. Carceller, G. Carini, B. Carlus, M. F. Carneiro, P. Carniti, I. Caro Terrazas, H. Carranza, Nicholas Carrara, L. Carroll, Thomas L. Carroll, A. Carter, D. Casazza, J. F. Castaño Forero, Fabián Andrés Castaño, A. Castillo, C. Castromonte, E. Catano-Mur, F. Cavalier, F. Cavanna, S. Centro, G. B. Cerati, A. Cervelli, A. Cervera Villanueva, Kaustav Chakraborty, M. Chalifour, A. Chappell, N. Charitonidis, A. Chatterjee, H. Chen, Mu–Chun Chen, Wen‐Cheng Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen-Wishart, D. Cherdack, C. Chi, R. Chirco, N. Chitirasreemadam, K. Cho, S. Choate, D. Chokheli, P. S. Chong, Badrul A. Chowdhury, D. Christian, A. Chukanov, М. Chung, E. Church, M. F. Cicala, M. Cicerchia, V. Cicero, Riccardo Ciolini, J. 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Bibliographic record
VenueJournal of Instrumentation · 2024
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAtomic and Subatomic Physics Research
Canadian institutionsUniversity of TorontoYork University
FundersSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryLos Alamos National LaboratoryFermilabLaboratori Nazionali del Gran SassoInstituto Superior TécnicoScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityStony Brook UniversityUniversità degli Studi di ParmaUniversidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryEuropean Regional Development FundUniversity of South CarolinaTaras Shevchenko National University of KyivPunjab Agricultural UniversityJunta de AndalucíaUniversidad del MagdalenaGran Sasso Science InstituteNational Institute of Science Education and ResearchIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di PadovaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyUniversità di PisaSouthern Methodist UniversityConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoUniversité Paris-SaclayYale UniversityXunta de GaliciaUniversitat de ValènciaUniversità degli Studi di FerraraHigh Energy Accelerator Research OrganizationUniwersytet WarszawskiUniversidad de GuanajuatoIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de GoiásMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueUniversità degli Studi di PaviaUniversità degli Studi di GenovaJeonbuk National UniversityKorea Institute of Science and Technology InformationRice UniversityUK Research and InnovationKorea Institute of Science and TechnologyKorea UniversityFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaRadboud UniversiteitUniversity of SussexUniversity College LondonUniversity of TorontoUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyImperial College LondonUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosUniversity of OxfordUniversity of WarwickHarish-Chandra Research InstituteRoyal SocietyUniversity of HyderabadIndian Institute of Technology KanpurOhio State UniversityInstituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaSun Yat-sen UniversitySouth Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyFlorida State UniversityUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaCERNUniversità degli Studi di MilanoUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareState University of New YorkIdaho State UniversityUniversidad de GranadaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaPontificia Universidad Católica del PerúUniversity of PittsburghIowa State UniversityQueen Mary University of LondonUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonOregon State UniversityUniversity of Notre DameHorizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeLouisiana State UniversityInstitute for Research in Fundamental SciencesSyracuse UniversityWellesley CollegeTel Aviv UniversityJawaharlal Nehru UniversitySchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungYork UniversityOffice of ScienceNorthwestern UniversityInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzUniversidade de LisboaNorthern Illinois UniversityUniversity of RochesterUniversity of Minnesota DuluthMichigan State UniversityWichita State UniversityUniversity of MinnesotaNational Science FoundationSouth Dakota State UniversityUniversity of PennsylvaniaFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloJackson State UniversityEuropean CommissionTürkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma KurumuMassachusetts Institute of TechnologySapienza Università di RomaPacific Northwest National LaboratoryFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroU.S. Department of Energy
KeywordsXenonScintillationArgonDopingMaterials sciencePhase (matter)OpticsOptoelectronicsPhysicsNuclear physicsAtomic physicsDetector
Abstract
Abstract Doping of liquid argon TPCs (LArTPCs) with a small concentration of xenon is a technique for light-shifting and facilitates the detection of the liquid argon scintillation light. In this paper, we present the results of the first doping test ever performed in a kiloton-scale LArTPC. From February to May 2020, we carried out this special run in the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype (ProtoDUNE-SP) at CERN, featuring 720 t of total liquid argon mass with 410 t of fiducial mass. A 5.4 ppm nitrogen contamination was present during the xenon doping campaign. The goal of the run was to measure the light and charge response of the detector to the addition of xenon, up to a concentration of 18.8 ppm. The main purpose was to test the possibility for reduction of non-uniformities in light collection, caused by deployment of photon detectors only within the anode planes. Light collection was analysed as a function of the xenon concentration, by using the pre-existing photon detection system (PDS) of ProtoDUNE-SP and an additional smaller set-up installed specifically for this run. In this paper we first summarize our current understanding of the argon-xenon energy transfer process and the impact of the presence of nitrogen in argon with and without xenon dopant. We then describe the key elements of ProtoDUNE-SP and the injection method deployed. Two dedicated photon detectors were able to collect the light produced by xenon and the total light. The ratio of these components was measured to be about 0.65 as 18.8 ppm of xenon were injected. We performed studies of the collection efficiency as a function of the distance between tracks and light detectors, demonstrating enhanced uniformity of response for the anode-mounted PDS. We also show that xenon doping can substantially recover light losses due to contamination of the liquid argon by nitrogen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.809
Threshold uncertainty score0.310
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.313
Teacher spread0.301 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations7
Published2024
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes