An FPGA-Based On-the-Fly Reconfigurable Low-Power SHEPWM Inverter With a Compact SiP Implementation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a selective harmonic elimination pulsewidth modulation (PWM) (SHEPWM) full-bridge inverter featuring real-time on-the-fly reconfigurability of output waveform amplitude and frequency using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The inverter is integrated on a compact three-dimensional (3-D) system-in-package using low-temperature cofired ceramics as a substrate, reducing the printed circuit board (PCB) area. Validated through simulations and measurements at <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.12 \,\mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.2 \,\mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula> peak output power, the inverter cancels harmonics up to the 34th order at switching nodes. With an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LC</i> filter having a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$20 \,\text{k}\text{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> cut-off frequency, total harmonic distortion at the load is below 5.1% for alternating current output signals, varying in modulation index from 0.2 to 0.9 and output frequencies from 5 to 10 kHz. The results also showed that for the same inverter conditions and output THD, the SHEPWM inverter with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.12 \,\mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula> output power has an average of 17.3% and 4.2% better efficiency than a natural PWM (NPWM) inverter with an output frequency of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4 \,\text{k}\text{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10 \,\text{k}\text{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. For the inverter of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.2 \,\mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula> output power, the SHEPWM inverter maintains better efficiency than the NPWM counterpart, by an average of 2.3% and 6.9%, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".