Human-in-the-loop in artificial intelligence in education: A review and entity-relationship (ER) analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human-in-the-loop research predominantly examines the interaction types and effects. A more structural and pragmatic exploration of humans and Artificial Intelligence or AI is lacking in the artificial intelligence in educational literature. In this systematic review we follow the Entity-Relationship (ER) framework to identify trends in the entities, relationships, and attributes of human-in-the-loop AI in education. An overview of N = 28 reviewed studies followed by their ER characteristics are summarized and analyzed. The dominant number of two or three-entity studies, one-sided relationships, little attributes, and many to many cardinalities may signal a lack of deliberation on beings that come to interact and influence human-in-the-loop and AI in education. The contribution of this work is identifying the implications of human-in-the-loop and AI from a more formal ER perspective and acknowledging the many possibilities for placement of humans in the loop with the AI, system, and environment of interest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".