Experimental and 2D fluid simulation of a streamer discharge in air over a water surface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The high reactivity and attractive properties of streamer discharges make them useful in many applications based on plasma-surface interactions. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms governing the propagation of a streamer discharge as well as its properties is an essential task. This paper presents the development and application of a 2D fluid model to the simulation of discharges triggered at the air-water interface by a pulsed nanosecond high voltage. Experimental characterization using 1 ns-time-resolved imaging reveals rapid transitions from a homogeneous disc to a ring and finally to dots during the discharge process. The simulation enables the determination of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the E -field and electron density, highlighting that the discharge reaches the liquid surface in less than 1 ns, triggering a radial surface discharge. As the discharge propagates along/over the water surface, a sheath forms behind its head. Furthermore, the simulation elucidates the transitions from disc to ring and from ring to dots. The former transition arises from the ionization front’s propagation speed, where an initial disc-like feature changes to a ring due to the decreasing E -field strength. The ring-to-dots transition results from the destabilization caused by radial electron avalanches as the discharge head reaches a radius of ∼1.5 mm. The simulation is further utilized to estimate a charge number and a charge content in the discharge head. This work contributes to a better understanding of discharge propagation in air near a dielectric surface, with the agreement between simulation and experiment validating the model in its present version.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".