Consequences of consequence models: The impact of economies of scale on seismic loss estimates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The detailed evaluation of expected losses and damage experienced by structural and nonstructural components is a fundamental part of performance‐based seismic design and assessment. The FEMA P‐58 methodology represents the state of the art in this area. Increasing interest in improving structural performance and community resilience has led to widespread adoption of this methodology and the library of component models published with it. This study focuses on the modeling of economies of scale for repair cost calculation and specifically highlights the lack of a definition for aggregate damage, a quantity with considerable influence on the component repair costs. The article illustrates the highly variable and often substantial impact of damage aggregation that can alter total repair costs by more than 25%. Four so‐called edge cases representing different damage aggregation methods are introduced to investigate which components experience large differences in their repair costs and under what circumstances. A three‐step evaluation strategy is proposed that allows engineers to quickly evaluate the potential impact of damage aggregation on a specific performance assessment. This helps users of currently available assessment tools to recognize and communicate this uncertainty even when the tools they use only support one particular damage aggregation method. A case study of a 9‐story building illustrates the proposed strategy and the impact of this ambiguity on the performance of a realistic structure. The article concludes with concrete recommendations toward the development of a more sophisticated model for repair consequence calculation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".