Jaque Hidalgo, Javiera, and Miguel Valerio, eds. Indigenous and Black Confraternities in Colonial Latin America: Negotiating Status through Religious Practices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While a good number of essay collections have now cast a long and wide-ranging eye over lay religious confraternities in early modern Europe, surveying the phenomenon across cultural/political borders as well as scholarly disciplines (see, for example, Konrad Eisenbichler, ed., A Companion to Medieval and Early Modern Confraternities [Leiden: Brill, 2019]), the same has not been done as extensively for confraternities in early modern Latin America.One of the first to do so for Latin America was Albert Meyers and Diane Elizabeth Hopkins's Manipulating the Saints: Religious Brotherhoods and Social Integration in Postconquest Latin America (Hamburg: Wayasbah, 1988), which looked at confraternities in Mexico, Guatemala, the New Kingdom of Granada (northern South America), along the Andes, and in Peru.Back in 1988 that groundbreaking collection was well ahead of its time when it devoted a few of its articles to indigenous and black confraternities on the continent.Now, more than three decades later, the editors of the current volume have elected to "present a long-overdue regional map of the religious and cultural practices associated with indigenous confraternities, as well as those of African or Afrodescendants, from early to late colonial times featuring the work of scholars from varied fields and regions" (11).The thirteen articles in this most recent collection are grouped according to four geographic areas-New Spain (basically Mexico), Peru, the "Southern Cone" (Chile, Bolivia, Argentina), and Brazil.Its articles are tesserae in a still-developing mosaic of the confraternal movement in Latin America.As a whole, they illustrate both the extensive similarities these confraternities had with their European counterparts and the innovative ways in which Latin America's indigenous and Afro/Afrodescendant populations adapted European institutions and religion to better serve their needs.Laura Dierksmeier opens the collection with an article that uses confraternity records from central Mexico, "often written in Nahuatl with finances recorded in Aztec currencies, " to point out how "indigenous people formed a Christianity of their own that was neither fully 'orthodox' nor wholly
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".